Sélectionner un thème dans la liste
région biogéographique | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jura | Plateau | nord des Alpes | ouest des Alpes centrales | est des Alpes centrales | Sud des Alpes | Suisse | |||||||||
déclivité (classes de 20%) | type de dégâts aux arbres (13 classes) | % | ± | % | ± | % | ± | % | ± | % | ± | % | ± | % | ± |
pas d'indication | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
bois mis à nu | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
cassure de la tige | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
défoliation >50% | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
chancre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
coulée de résine | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
inclusion | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
cime sèche | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
autres dégâts | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
arbres morts | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
=20% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 19.7 | 1.7 | 44.3 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 13.5 | 0.6 | |
bois mis à nu | 2.9 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.1 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
chancre | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 0.9 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cime sèche | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
autres dégâts | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
arbres morts | 1.9 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.1 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
21-40% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 24.2 | 1.8 | 20.9 | 1.6 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 10.2 | 1.4 | 8.2 | 1.3 | 15.1 | 0.6 | |
bois mis à nu | 4.2 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.1 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
chancre | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | . | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cime sèche | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
autres dégâts | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
arbres morts | 3.3 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.2 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
41-60% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 15.9 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 16.4 | 1.2 | 21.7 | 2.2 | 20.6 | 1.9 | 17.0 | 1.9 | 15.8 | 0.6 | |
bois mis à nu | 3.2 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 0.2 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
chancre | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
cime sèche | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
autres dégâts | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
arbres morts | 3.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 0.2 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
61-80% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 6.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 14.0 | 1.1 | 18.2 | 2.1 | 16.9 | 1.8 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 11.5 | 0.6 | |
bois mis à nu | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 0.2 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
chancre | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
cime sèche | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
autres dégâts | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
arbres morts | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.2 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
81-100% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 0.3 | |
bois mis à nu | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.2 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
chancre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cime sèche | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
autres dégâts | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
arbres morts | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
>100% | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | . | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |
bois mis à nu | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.1 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
défoliation >50% | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
chancre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
inclusion | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
cime sèche | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
autres dégâts | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
arbres morts | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | . | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
total | pas d'indication | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . | 0.0 | . |
pas de dégât visible | 67.9 | 1.1 | 73.2 | 0.9 | 58.6 | 0.9 | 57.2 | 1.7 | 58.5 | 1.3 | 53.9 | 1.5 | 61.7 | 0.5 | |
bois mis à nu | 13.9 | 0.8 | 11.3 | 0.6 | 14.8 | 0.6 | 12.4 | 1.0 | 12.6 | 0.8 | 17.2 | 0.9 | 13.9 | 0.3 | |
fente, bourrelet | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
cassure de la tige | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.1 | |
défoliation >50% | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |
chancre | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | |
nécrose corticale | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | . | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
coulée de résine | 3.1 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 0.4 | 10.0 | 0.9 | 13.3 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 0.2 | |
inclusion | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | |
cime sèche | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | |
autres dégâts | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.1 | |
arbres vifs à terre | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | |
arbres morts | 11.5 | 0.7 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 15.0 | 0.6 | 16.3 | 1.1 | 13.2 | 0.8 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 13.1 | 0.3 | |
total | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Table citation
Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1330051. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL