Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
altitude (in 200 m classes) · type of damage to trees (13 classes)
regional demarcation: protection forest region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		protection forest region
		Jura + Plateau		Northwestern Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
altitude (in 200 m classes)	type of damage to trees (13 classes)	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
>1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	1335	47	325	81	5873	16	11610	12	3932	17	23075	8
	exposed wood core	0	.	153	48	25	100	1483	17	2401	16	1036	23	5098	10
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	78	46	107	41	132	49	317	27
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	18	100	154	39	175	35	209	44	555	23
	defoliation >50%	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	53	58	76	59	147	39
	canker	0	.	0	.	28	100	59	44	143	38	137	31	368	22
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	321	43	36	100	1751	22	2804	17	1029	25	5941	11
	inclusion	0	.	23	72	0	.	85	47	86	44	40	100	234	30
	stag-headedness	0	.	35	71	53	100	14	71	114	38	34	71	250	31
	other type of damage	0	.	24	77	18	100	209	31	194	27	274	41	720	20
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	140	56	452	39	93	49	684	29
	dead trees	0	.	459	56	18	100	1827	21	2994	16	876	29	6175	11
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1601-1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	6341	21	1607	39	6706	18	8661	14	4947	17	28262	8
	exposed wood core	0	.	1344	24	258	55	1240	20	1202	19	785	29	4829	11
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	49	54	0	.	7	100	56	49
	stem breakage	0	.	119	49	17	100	264	34	135	41	128	35	663	19
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	0	94	93	69	100	101	53	64	100	329	42
	canker	0	.	166	42	35	71	54	49	168	42	292	39	716	22
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	18	100
	resinosis	0	.	1425	21	454	43	1785	19	2443	16	687	23	6795	9
	inclusion	0	.	77	55	95	93	238	50	126	37	14	71	549	29
	stag-headedness	0	.	61	52	0	.	95	65	87	66	64	47	307	31
	other type of damage	0	.	161	36	59	76	100	39	196	36	157	34	674	18
	lying living trees	0	.	136	61	22	100	68	48	53	74	16	100	294	34
	dead trees	0	.	1940	26	316	47	2251	25	1410	18	659	24	6577	12
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1401-1600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	1065	29	10248	14	4467	19	6067	17	9563	14	7423	17	38834	7
	exposed wood core	276	36	2311	17	646	26	1239	22	1708	20	1246	18	7425	9
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	0	0	.	53	58	88	45	25	77	166	32
	stem breakage	19	100	265	28	30	72	173	45	127	35	143	42	757	18
	defoliation >50%	7	100	206	56	99	78	91	50	36	71	37	71	477	32
	canker	7	100	108	36	48	55	25	100	39	61	253	30	480	20
	bark necrosis	0	.	15	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	100
	resinosis	94	42	2406	16	932	28	1151	21	2152	16	840	29	7573	9
	inclusion	0	.	283	40	10	100	603	84	62	43	39	68	996	52
	stag-headedness	0	.	217	28	31	61	72	62	43	62	44	72	408	21
	other type of damage	8	100	139	41	128	40	218	31	148	33	433	26	1073	15
	lying living trees	0	.	55	58	162	58	198	60	88	53	102	52	605	28
	dead trees	185	63	3285	16	1272	31	1568	20	2385	23	1486	20	10182	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1201-1400 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	5881	16	11017	12	6589	14	5784	19	3860	21	5148	18	38280	6
	exposed wood core	935	23	2761	15	2222	18	1343	27	887	25	1400	19	9548	8
	crack, woundwood rib	7	100	6	100	55	68	0	.	35	71	78	48	181	33
	stem breakage	130	46	223	34	193	43	25	76	84	52	14	71	670	20
	defoliation >50%	213	47	163	34	164	48	230	74	25	78	72	61	868	26
	canker	133	48	203	30	177	39	146	50	95	54	373	31	1126	16
	bark necrosis	0	.	39	71	25	76	0	.	55	100	8	100	127	51
	resinosis	387	23	1410	18	954	22	398	27	1266	26	690	24	5103	10
	inclusion	27	77	320	43	167	43	61	58	43	85	136	56	753	24
	stag-headedness	92	45	117	37	106	43	229	46	0	.	50	54	594	22
	other type of damage	120	43	266	29	236	32	26	77	58	48	436	29	1141	15
	lying living trees	0	.	36	71	254	55	78	47	0	.	125	39	493	31
	dead trees	857	25	3018	17	2310	20	1331	22	1237	24	1133	24	9886	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1001-1200 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	13216	9	13177	11	7635	15	4041	19	2940	24	6511	17	47520	6
	exposed wood core	2405	13	2821	15	2400	17	755	30	1310	28	1981	17	11672	7
	crack, woundwood rib	34	64	46	54	40	64	8	100	51	64	65	47	244	25
	stem breakage	209	35	438	34	328	35	71	50	157	57	188	36	1391	17
	defoliation >50%	203	43	113	49	330	40	0	0	112	66	261	63	1019	24
	canker	182	31	182	29	251	39	71	47	63	73	194	29	943	16
	bark necrosis	0	.	18	100	31	65	0	.	0	.	16	71	65	45
	resinosis	694	20	1300	21	957	21	523	36	587	37	197	39	4257	11
	inclusion	75	42	125	49	210	52	15	71	36	71	111	44	572	25
	stag-headedness	134	40	223	32	143	70	77	46	42	62	151	43	771	20
	other type of damage	78	44	281	29	281	37	107	39	190	48	468	34	1405	16
	lying living trees	0	.	70	63	131	64	139	66	18	100	169	60	527	32
	dead trees	1581	17	2567	15	2141	21	1096	26	694	28	1217	25	9295	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
801-1000 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	18823	9	12978	12	9472	13	2952	25	2055	27	6609	23	52887	6
	exposed wood core	4415	13	2296	17	3027	16	826	32	583	35	2490	20	13637	7
	crack, woundwood rib	28	72	0	0	35	55	0	.	35	71	58	57	155	32
	stem breakage	284	29	89	46	224	30	0	.	37	70	93	72	728	19
	defoliation >50%	287	31	218	29	210	37	78	63	120	42	396	52	1309	20
	canker	196	30	382	24	242	30	55	75	45	61	63	49	982	14
	bark necrosis	7	100	0	0	8	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	23	58
	resinosis	1006	21	527	26	751	19	209	46	446	29	93	57	3032	11
	inclusion	249	43	101	49	84	49	29	79	11	100	56	58	530	25
	stag-headedness	203	34	210	34	169	59	80	80	68	73	443	49	1174	23
	other type of damage	266	26	403	30	204	34	90	59	167	44	189	32	1319	14
	lying living trees	0	.	102	51	40	62	18	100	18	100	204	58	382	35
	dead trees	2285	14	2376	17	2288	18	765	30	452	28	1945	24	10111	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
601-800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	35659	7	8321	13	5262	19	1196	46	2132	25	4541	19	57111	5
	exposed wood core	5986	8	1958	20	1603	19	379	45	682	30	2674	20	13281	7
	crack, woundwood rib	170	35	0	.	18	100	17	100	0	.	35	82	240	29
	stem breakage	589	19	146	34	88	53	0	.	38	83	86	46	947	15
	defoliation >50%	760	22	569	48	289	34	87	66	40	57	872	35	2618	17
	canker	370	23	178	61	79	50	62	77	37	54	123	50	848	19
	bark necrosis	162	56	7	100	18	100	0	.	18	100	40	100	246	42
	resinosis	2107	17	318	29	197	40	31	64	50	54	8	100	2711	14
	inclusion	75	47	54	55	43	62	25	76	7	100	7	100	211	27
	stag-headedness	288	26	199	44	83	47	17	100	25	76	754	31	1367	19
	other type of damage	549	17	255	29	85	43	7	100	50	52	654	63	1599	27
	lying living trees	85	53	36	71	75	49	36	71	0	.	98	44	330	25
	dead trees	4795	10	1339	22	1181	23	477	37	413	35	2317	21	10522	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
=600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	46495	5	1347	42	2070	28	1289	36	35	100	6550	18	57786	5
	exposed wood core	7753	7	257	58	856	45	207	46	0	.	2904	17	11976	7
	crack, woundwood rib	173	27	0	.	21	100	0	.	0	.	18	100	212	26
	stem breakage	806	16	37	100	21	100	111	71	0	.	85	48	1060	15
	defoliation >50%	1258	18	47	74	116	75	31	72	0	.	628	36	2080	16
	canker	394	22	8	100	38	60	85	55	0	.	206	45	731	19
	bark necrosis	110	42	0	.	21	100	0	.	0	.	58	57	189	32
	resinosis	2308	12	80	70	46	51	25	100	0	.	60	100	2519	12
	inclusion	201	35	0	0	26	58	0	0	0	.	128	46	356	26
	stag-headedness	794	18	0	.	42	100	12	100	0	.	822	28	1670	16
	other type of damage	973	13	26	100	116	38	34	82	0	.	274	33	1423	12
	lying living trees	249	26	15	100	21	74	18	100	0	.	323	41	627	24
	dead trees	6000	9	212	42	492	31	431	42	0	.	3335	17	10471	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	121140	2	64765	5	37426	6	33908	7	40856	6	45661	5	343756	2
	exposed wood core	21770	4	13901	7	11036	8	7472	9	8773	8	14515	6	77467	2
	crack, woundwood rib	412	20	52	49	167	33	205	28	316	24	418	23	1571	11
	stem breakage	2037	10	1317	15	920	18	798	20	753	19	945	17	6770	6
	defoliation >50%	2727	12	1335	24	1302	19	587	35	488	24	2407	19	8846	8
	canker	1282	12	1228	15	898	17	556	21	590	20	1640	13	6195	6
	bark necrosis	279	37	80	47	104	39	0	.	74	79	146	39	682	21
	resinosis	6594	8	7786	8	4327	11	5871	10	9748	8	3604	11	37931	3
	inclusion	628	22	982	20	634	26	1055	50	371	21	530	23	4200	15
	stag-headedness	1511	12	1064	15	627	27	597	25	379	25	2363	16	6540	8
	other type of damage	1993	9	1555	13	1126	15	791	16	1003	16	2886	17	9355	6
	lying living trees	334	24	448	26	705	28	696	26	629	30	1132	20	3943	11
	dead trees	15703	5	15197	7	10019	9	9747	9	9585	9	12967	7	73219	3
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1267404. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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