Selection from the list of topics

Estimates and standard error of the estimates

The results published in the NFI tables are estimates for variables in the Swiss forest (population parameters) whose true values are not known and must therefore be extrapolated (estimated) from the NFI sample data.

The extrapolations carry uncertainties. However, the accuracy of the extrapolations can be reliably estimated from the NFI sample, which is designed to be a random sample. To this end, all NFI tables include a second figure in addition to the estimate itself, namely the standard error of the estimate.

In most tables the percent standard error is reported (±%), but the absolute standard error (±) is also reported occasionally, especially for estimated percentages. The relationship between absolute and percent standard error is as follows:

percent standard error = absolute standard error / estimate × 100

absolute standard error = percent standard error × estimate / 100

Information on the forest road network is based on a full survey of all forest roads. In this case, there is no need to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty caused by sampling.

Confidence interval of the estimate

With the estimate and the standard error of the estimate, the limits of the so-called confidence interval of the estimate can be calculated as:

lower limit = estimate – tQ × absolute standard error

upper limit = estimate + tQ × absolute standard error

If the simple standard error is used for the calculation (tQ = 1), then the 68% confidence interval is formed. In this case, the true value of the population parameter has a 68% probability of lying within this confidence interval of the estimate. If the double standard error is used (tQ = 2), then there is a 95% probability that the true value lies within this 95% confidence interval.

Significance of the estimate

The confidence interval can be used to statistically test whether the estimated population parameter is larger or smaller than a specific reference or target value, or whether two estimated population parameters truly differ (in the real population). For practical applications, proceed as follows: if a reference value lies outside the confidence interval, the estimated population value can be interpreted as being significantly different from it; if it lies within the confidence interval, the difference between the estimated population parameter and the reference value can be interpreted as random or not significant. When two population parameters are compared, they can be interpreted as differing significantly if their confidence intervals do not overlap.

Dealing with missing values

When calculating a results table, data are not always available for all combinations of characteristics^* of the classification variables and regional demarcation applied. In most cases, this indicates that the attribute estimated with the respective target variable does not occur or occurs only very rarely. Usually, the value 0 is used (imputed). However, as this value is not based on direct measurements, the associated standard error is represented with a full stop [.]. If the imputed value of 0 is referred to in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be entered. In this case, the estimated value and standard error are both represented with a full stop [.].

For example, no Arolla pines have been found and measured in the Swiss Plateau to date (growing stock of Arolla pines by production region). The values can be assumed to be missing because Arolla pine does not occur in the Swiss Plateau and therefore the growing stock there must be 0.

^* e.g. ‘Arolla pine’ characteristic of the classification variable ‘tree species’ and ‘Swiss plateau’ characteristic of the ‘regional demarcation’

Changes

There are two types of changes in the NFI:

The first type involves specific target variables relating to components of change, such as increment, fellings, mortality and losses. These target variables are only available for two consecutive inventory cycles, e.g. NFI3–NFI4. In the evaluation of components of change, the classification variable characteristic of the second inventory cycle is assigned to the first inventory cycle. These evaluations therefore do not take into account potential changes in a classification variable characteristic from the earlier to the later inventory (e.g. from private to public ownership).

With the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as number of stems, growing stock or forest area, is used to assess the change between two inventory cycles. Target variables are generally used to represent states, such as that in NFI4, but can also indicate the net change between any two inventory cycles, e.g. NFI1–NFI4. In evaluations of change using these target variables, the change in a classification variable characteristic is considered in the analysis. Consequently, one can detect, for example, that the forest area without shrub forest increased between the two inventory cycles. This only has an effect on classification variables whose characteristic (class) can actually change, e.g. the affiliation with a forest area or the tree condition.

NFI2–NFI3
fellings
tree species (56 classes)
regional demarcation: canton
unit: 1000 m³/yr
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI2/NFI3
grid: 1.4-km grid
change 1993/95–2004/06
	canton
	AG		AI		AR		BE		BL/BS		FR		GE		GL		GR		JU		LU		NE		NW		OW		SG		SH		SO		SZ		TG		TI		UR		VD		VS		ZG		ZH		Switzerland
tree species (56 classes)	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%	1000 m³/yr	±%
n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
Abies alba	60	26	2	71	11	47	401	11	3	69	51	34	0	.	0	77	8	56	60	27	127	20	83	23	6	60	14	56	53	31	1	100	49	28	37	44	19	59	0	100	7	64	90	18	13	57	5	58	84	25	1143	6
Larix decidua, Larix kaempferi	26	70	0	0	0	0	16	45	0	0	7	52	0	.	0	0	29	34	0	0	1	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	8	56	6	98	0	0	0	0	2	100	2	59	0	0	1	72	60	33	0	0	9	71	173	19
Picea abies	290	19	5	54	47	40	909	9	30	56	362	15	0	100	26	48	317	14	96	23	261	18	91	19	13	53	99	28	265	21	27	34	123	28	97	26	193	25	27	46	32	38	304	17	86	24	48	36	332	15	3984	4
Pinus cembra	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	61	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	7	60	0	.	0	.	18	43
Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
Pinus mugo subsp. mugo	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	1	91
Pinus nigra	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	69
Pinus strobus	2	100	0	.	0	.	1	93	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	71	0	.	0	.	0	0	11	39
Pinus sylvestris	19	32	0	0	0	0	7	42	12	49	5	62	1	100	0	.	14	57	4	55	0	0	0	100	0	.	0	0	1	100	6	52	4	70	2	100	13	33	1	100	1	100	1	88	19	47	0	.	22	31	130	14
Pseudotsuga menziesii	4	73	0	.	0	.	3	85	1	74	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	3	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	8	70	0	.	0	.	1	100	21	37
Taxus baccata	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	71
other conifers	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	1	100	1	100	7	47
Acer campestre	0	77	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	100	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	0	0	.	1	100	2	49
Acer opalus	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	78	0	0	0	.	0	.	3	88
Acer platanoides	0	100	0	.	0	.	2	62	1	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	100	0	100	0	0	0	0	1	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	6	40
Acer pseudoplatanus	17	32	0	0	7	59	9	27	8	66	4	61	0	.	0	100	0	0	2	55	2	73	1	47	7	79	3	86	8	48	3	72	3	45	2	55	5	58	0	81	1	100	10	40	1	100	1	100	11	42	97	13
Aesculus hippocastanum	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Alnus glutinosa	4	81	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	1	74	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	2	87	2	79	0	.	1	73	0	0	0	0	1	71	10	39
Alnus incana	0	0	0	100	0	0	4	52	0	.	0	50	0	.	0	100	3	60	0	0	0	75	0	0	0	.	0	0	2	61	0	.	0	100	1	80	1	58	1	39	0	0	1	47	2	66	0	100	0	0	15	22
Alnus viridis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Betula pendula	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	100	1	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	72	0	0	1	100	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	8	58	1	100	1	84	0	58	5	100	0	0	18	38
Betula pubescens	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	1	72	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	1	72
Carpinus betulus	6	51	0	.	0	.	0	100	2	63	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	.	6	56	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	77	1	65	0	.	1	81	0	100	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	1	63	17	26
Castanea sativa	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	64	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	32	0	.	0	100	1	100	0	.	0	.	17	29
Fagus sylvatica	173	17	1	100	8	50	219	14	88	28	53	28	0	.	6	57	10	49	78	25	38	39	27	26	10	47	9	73	29	34	22	32	110	18	17	41	33	26	14	52	3	68	102	17	0	72	4	50	99	19	1109	6
Fraxinus excelsior	19	38	0	0	2	73	12	31	1	137	3	42	0	100	6	100	2	82	19	37	2	62	3	61	0	100	4	96	9	48	2	100	4	44	2	75	4	50	2	88	1	73	30	25	2	74	7	76	24	27	153	11
Fraxinus ornus	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Ilex aquifolium	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	100
Juglans regia	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	1	71
Laburnum anagyroides	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	75
Malus sylvestris	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Ostrya carpinifolia	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	100
Populus alba, Populus x canescens	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	0	0	.	0	.	7	100
Populus nigra s.l.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	19	58	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	16	57
Populus (others)	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	2	100	2	100
Populus tremula	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	1	91	0	0	0	0	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	3	61
Prunus avium	7	91	0	0	0	.	5	49	0	0	1	76	0	100	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	1	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	85	0	73	0	100	0	85	0	100	1	100	1	73	20	36
Prunus padus	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	76
Pyrus communis, Pyrus pyraster	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
Quercus cerris	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Quercus petraea	6	44	0	.	0	0	6	52	1	100	0	100	9	64	0	.	0	0	11	93	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	5	87	4	83	0	0	10	47	0	100	0	0	8	50	0	0	0	.	3	100	59	23
Quercus pubescens	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	100
Quercus robur	7	49	0	.	0	.	10	39	5	73	1	81	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	3	71	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	71	0	0	0	0	6	70	0	0	0	0	4	84	38	23
Quercus rubra	3	93	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	68
Robinia pseudoacacia	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	1	100	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	3	54	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	2	75	6	37
Salix (others)	2	100	0	0	0	0	3	73	0	0	0	100	0	.	0	100	0	0	0	0	1	100	0	100	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	73	0	.	0	78	0	72	0	.	0	0	7	45
Sorbus aria	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	86	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	71	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	100	0	0	0	0	2	48
Sorbus aucuparia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	78	0	0	1	67	0	100	0	0	0	100	2	44
Sorbus torminalis	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
Tilia cordata	3	44	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	100	0	100	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	1	100	0	0	2	51	8	29
Tilia platyphyllos	2	81	0	.	0	100	1	100	4	100	2	77	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	3	100	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	12	45
Ulmus glabra	0	100	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	1	100	0	100	0	100	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	61	0	100	0	0	0	100	5	98	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	10	50
Ulmus minor	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	1	85	1	74
other shrubs	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	72	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	72
indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
total	655	12	9	46	75	33	1613	7	158	23	492	13	11	57	39	38	397	12	282	15	440	14	210	16	37	46	129	25	379	17	71	24	305	16	157	24	312	19	78	23	47	32	577	11	192	18	73	33	602	11	7139	3

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1223975. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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