Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS; 6 classes) · diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)
regional demarcation: canton
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		canton
		AG		AI		AR		BE		BL/BS		FR		GE		GL		GR		JU		LU		NE		NW		OW		SG		SH		SO		SZ		TG		TI		UR		VD		VS		ZG		ZH		Switzerland
altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS; 6 classes)	diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
upper subalpine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	162	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	49	37	0	.	0	.	92	40	0	.	0	.	302	18
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	484	16	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	78	41	0	.	0	.	285	41	0	.	0	.	846	17
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1150	16	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	274	48	0	.	0	.	495	25	0	.	0	.	1919	13
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1536	17	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	143	44	0	.	0	.	849	27	0	.	0	.	2528	14
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1649	21	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	97	49	0	.	0	.	796	27	0	.	0	.	2542	16
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4980	14	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	640	33	0	.	0	.	2517	20	0	.	0	.	8138	10
subalpine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	88	26	0	.	7	100	0	.	14	73	301	22	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	87	30	41	8	63	0	.	0	.	5	100	0	.	78	30	46	51	12	47	237	24	0	.	0	.	840	12
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	298	20	0	.	24	100	0	.	55	77	1129	16	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	92	152	49	38	75	0	.	0	.	17	72	0	.	330	22	106	58	45	51	715	18	0	.	0	.	2970	9
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	995	22	0	.	67	100	0	.	47	84	3105	14	0	.	11	100	0	.	127	87	428	48	253	65	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	807	23	125	51	113	63	1551	17	0	.	0	.	7638	8
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	2311	19	0	.	67	100	0	.	456	73	5683	12	0	.	9	100	0	.	113	60	367	60	348	47	0	.	0	.	100	88	0	.	1121	21	225	54	256	42	2903	17	0	.	0	.	13959	7
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	1835	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	348	50	6665	13	0	.	0	.	0	.	138	72	105	72	334	51	0	.	0	.	237	83	0	.	1544	22	221	55	399	37	4558	16	0	.	0	.	16385	8
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	5527	18	0	.	166	100	0	.	921	48	16885	10	0	.	20	100	0	.	454	60	1081	45	981	45	0	.	0	.	366	68	0	.	3880	18	722	46	825	35	9965	13	0	.	0	.	41793	6
high-montane	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	180	20	0	.	22	44	0	.	9	61	696	16	0	.	27	53	1	100	4	75	58	36	33	52	0	.	0	.	33	53	0	.	119	22	44	40	136	42	492	14	0	.	0	.	1852	8
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	465	21	0	.	144	41	0	.	42	53	2084	11	0	.	89	47	2	100	8	100	165	37	128	40	0	.	0	.	104	44	0	.	503	23	196	33	288	34	1722	14	0	.	0	.	5941	7
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	1218	18	0	.	362	52	0	.	129	71	4503	11	0	.	193	50	0	.	64	97	483	36	140	40	0	.	0	.	224	40	0	.	1081	20	716	31	459	37	3817	14	0	0	0	.	13390	6
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	2138	19	0	.	861	33	0	.	144	65	8842	9	0	.	197	51	0	.	34	100	536	32	439	49	0	.	0	.	517	41	0	.	1678	19	1006	38	1335	32	4626	13	0	0	0	.	22352	6
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	4035	19	0	.	828	37	0	.	761	55	10737	11	0	.	312	50	0	.	0	.	713	39	407	48	0	.	0	.	467	46	0	.	2725	20	832	32	1947	26	5532	13	0	.	0	.	29294	6
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	8036	15	0	.	2216	30	0	.	1085	52	26862	8	0	.	818	43	3	100	109	72	1955	31	1146	39	0	.	0	.	1345	32	0	.	6107	16	2793	29	4166	24	16188	10	0	0	0	.	72829	4
lower and upper montane	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	22	39	9	49	50	36	939	14	60	42	200	20	0	.	40	29	143	20	203	23	341	22	191	23	36	38	106	39	273	21	30	78	187	27	152	23	1	2804	457	20	68	31	414	15	109	30	31	37	154	24	4217	5
	16-23 cm	68	50	98	53	184	42	2841	10	186	38	718	30	0	.	230	26	500	21	712	21	906	17	794	18	266	45	275	26	1061	17	52	47	504	20	631	21	113	40	1343	14	406	31	1383	12	364	28	79	42	460	25	14174	4
	24-35 cm	205	43	588	33	1034	30	6802	9	475	32	2134	19	0	.	430	43	1427	20	1220	19	2177	16	1706	17	796	35	806	27	3335	16	325	47	1278	21	1380	19	506	39	3090	19	668	36	3950	12	761	27	362	35	1308	21	36763	4
	36-51 cm	393	37	1439	28	1643	26	12417	9	653	35	3965	16	0	.	1462	24	2200	18	3370	17	3845	14	3295	14	1026	34	1335	26	6641	12	707	37	2285	18	2710	17	654	32	2789	19	782	33	6571	10	1097	25	616	36	2882	17	64777	3
	=52 cm	816	40	1618	32	1840	29	16353	9	760	42	4005	18	0	.	1846	25	3121	19	3192	20	5727	16	4529	15	651	44	1610	31	10362	13	268	53	1684	23	3944	19	823	37	2667	24	931	40	7639	13	903	34	648	41	3619	20	79554	3
	total	1505	33	3751	28	4750	24	39352	7	2134	29	11022	14	0	.	4009	21	7390	15	8698	15	12997	12	10515	12	2775	29	4130	24	21673	10	1381	34	5937	16	8816	15	2098	29	10346	16	2854	26	19957	9	3234	23	1737	33	8423	15	199485	2
submontane	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	302	18	0	.	0	.	465	17	139	28	120	35	0	.	0	.	26	48	10	484	184	36	63	47	0	.	36	100	54	53	78	30	101	48	54	97	152	22	0	.	8	53	236	23	28	70	0	.	266	25	2321	8
	16-23 cm	895	17	0	.	0	.	1181	15	353	26	476	44	0	.	0	.	75	43	178	28	423	26	112	39	0	.	112	93	221	44	212	31	301	32	32	100	557	23	0	.	73	51	717	21	97	51	9	100	697	20	6721	6
	24-35 cm	1773	18	0	.	0	.	2331	14	588	26	891	27	0	.	0	.	216	45	390	35	1129	24	185	47	0	.	152	88	433	42	722	29	643	29	45	100	1378	21	0	.	332	58	1540	18	111	72	68	71	1726	17	14653	6
	36-51 cm	3147	14	0	.	0	.	4791	12	1178	26	1230	26	0	.	0	.	205	43	1260	26	1765	22	274	41	0	.	13	100	468	32	1144	25	1358	20	302	61	1789	20	0	.	360	46	2464	18	98	50	118	87	2591	16	24553	5
	=52 cm	4506	15	0	.	0	.	6595	13	1251	30	1275	25	0	.	0	.	308	44	1427	28	2178	23	417	61	0	.	0	.	583	44	1207	30	1951	30	247	63	2910	24	0	.	304	64	2356	22	118	63	104	85	3442	16	31178	5
	total	10622	12	0	.	0	.	15363	10	3509	20	3991	22	0	.	0	.	829	37	3265	24	5679	18	1050	38	0	.	312	70	1759	32	3362	22	4354	19	679	53	6787	16	0	.	1078	48	7313	15	452	43	300	71	8722	12	79426	4
hyperinsubric and colline	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	57	0	.	65	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	577	16	0	.	5	71	101	27	0	.	7	78	786	13
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	85	0	.	132	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	1926	11	0	.	33	100	294	27	0	.	0	.	2465	10
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	71	54	0	.	387	45	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	100	3222	11	0	.	117	60	287	36	0	.	0	.	4115	10
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	217	61	0	.	275	43	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	100	2618	12	0	.	81	71	326	32	0	.	57	75	3604	10
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	113	100	0	.	201	46	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2128	19	0	.	0	.	185	62	0	.	19	100	2646	16
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	485	54	0	.	1061	34	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	86	100	10472	9	0	.	236	58	1192	26	0	.	83	77	13615	7
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	325	17	9	49	50	36	1672	10	199	23	349	17	23	57	64	26	1393	10	214	32	551	18	254	21	55	35	229	26	367	18	107	31	288	24	243	27	162	29	1279	10	165	22	803	12	1058	10	31	37	427	18	10318	3
	16-23 cm	963	16	98	53	184	42	4786	7	540	21	1362	22	61	85	327	23	4404	7	890	18	1419	13	908	16	334	39	703	22	1448	15	264	27	805	17	783	19	688	20	4181	7	781	20	2467	10	3477	9	88	39	1157	16	33117	3
	24-35 cm	1978	16	588	33	1034	30	11347	7	1063	20	3454	14	71	54	607	35	10788	7	1610	17	3510	13	1891	16	987	31	1869	20	4162	14	1047	25	1920	17	1657	17	1914	18	8475	8	1840	21	6179	10	7022	9	431	32	3033	13	78478	2
	36-51 cm	3540	13	1439	28	1643	26	21656	6	1831	21	6122	13	217	61	2061	24	18741	6	4629	14	5816	12	3569	13	1173	30	2251	20	7896	11	1850	21	3643	13	3630	15	2473	17	8348	8	2373	21	10708	8	9899	8	734	33	5530	11	131773	2
	=52 cm	5322	14	1618	32	1840	29	28818	6	2011	24	6107	13	113	100	2956	22	22681	7	4619	16	8217	13	4946	15	789	39	2427	24	11686	12	1475	26	3635	19	4894	17	3734	20	9162	10	2288	22	12340	10	12092	9	752	37	7080	12	161599	2
	total	12128	11	3751	28	4750	24	68278	5	5643	16	17394	11	485	54	6015	18	58007	5	11963	12	19513	10	11568	11	3339	26	7478	17	25559	9	4744	18	10291	12	11207	13	8970	13	31445	6	7447	17	32496	7	33548	6	2036	30	17228	9	415285	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1234299. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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