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total number of stems #3
Number of stems of all living and dead trees and shrubs (standing and lying) with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥12 cm. The total number of stems is the sum of the number of stems and the number of deadwood stems.

diameter at breast height (10 classes) #1317
Diameter at breast height (dbh) of the trees and shrubs ≥12 cm dbh – in ten classes. Reference: Field Survey (MID 60: Brusthöhendurchmesser, MID 62: Umfang)

main tree species #90
Type of trees and shrubs ≥12 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) with the ten most common species or species groups in Switzerland ('main tree species') categorised, and the classes 'other conifers' and 'other broadleaves' for the remaining species. The main tree species are: spruce (Picea spp.), fir (Abies spp.), pine (Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, P. strobus, P. mugo subsp. uncinata), larch (Larix spp.), Arolla pine (Pinus cembra), beech (Fagus sylvatica), maple (Acer spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa). Reference: Field Survey (MID 50: Baumart)

production region #49
Demarcation of Switzerland into five regions (Jura, Plateau, Pre-Alps, Alps and Southern Alps) with relatively uniform growth and timber production conditions. The production regions were established by the Federal Office of Forestry long before the first National Forest Inventory (NFI1, 1983-1985). With a small exception along Lake Geneva, the boundaries of the production regions still follow the municipal boundaries of the time. Unlike the NFI, the Forestry Statistics of the Federal Statistical Office don't use the production regions as demarcation but rather the forestry zones, whose boundaries are somewhat different.

accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5 #2382
Forest that was less than two-thirds covered with shrubs in the five inventories NFI1 (1983-1985), NFI2 (1993-1995), NFI3 (2004-2006), NFI4 (2009-2017) and NFI5 (2018-2026) and was accessible on foot.

1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5 #1746
Sub-grids 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the field surveys on the sampling grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km (base grid).

Estimates and standard error of the estimates

The results published in the NFI tables are estimates for variables in the Swiss forest (population parameters) whose true values are not known and must therefore be extrapolated (estimated) from the NFI sample data.

The extrapolations carry uncertainties. However, the accuracy of the extrapolations can be reliably estimated from the NFI sample, which is designed to be a random sample. To this end, all NFI tables include a second figure in addition to the estimate itself, namely the standard error of the estimate.

In most tables the percent standard error is reported (±%), but the absolute standard error (±) is also reported occasionally, especially for estimated percentages. The relationship between absolute and percent standard error is as follows:

percent standard error = absolute standard error / estimate × 100

absolute standard error = percent standard error × estimate / 100

Information on the forest road network is based on a full survey of all forest roads. In this case, there is no need to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty caused by sampling.

Confidence interval of the estimate

With the estimate and the standard error of the estimate, the limits of the so-called confidence interval of the estimate can be calculated as:

lower limit = estimate – tQ × absolute standard error

upper limit = estimate + tQ × absolute standard error

If the simple standard error is used for the calculation (tQ = 1), then the 68% confidence interval is formed. In this case, the true value of the population parameter has a 68% probability of lying within this confidence interval of the estimate. If the double standard error is used (tQ = 2), then there is a 95% probability that the true value lies within this 95% confidence interval.

Significance of the estimate

The confidence interval can be used to statistically test whether the estimated population parameter is larger or smaller than a specific reference or target value, or whether two estimated population parameters truly differ (in the real population). For practical applications, proceed as follows: if a reference value lies outside the confidence interval, the estimated population value can be interpreted as being significantly different from it; if it lies within the confidence interval, the difference between the estimated population parameter and the reference value can be interpreted as random or not significant. When two population parameters are compared, they can be interpreted as differing significantly if their confidence intervals do not overlap.

Dealing with missing values

When calculating a results table, data are not always available for all combinations of characteristics^* of the classification variables and regional demarcation applied. In most cases, this indicates that the attribute estimated with the respective target variable does not occur or occurs only very rarely. Usually, the value 0 is used (imputed). However, as this value is not based on direct measurements, the associated standard error is represented with a full stop [.]. If the imputed value of 0 is referred to in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be entered. In this case, the estimated value and standard error are both represented with a full stop [.].

For example, no Arolla pines have been found and measured in the Swiss Plateau to date (growing stock of Arolla pines by production region). The values can be assumed to be missing because Arolla pine does not occur in the Swiss Plateau and therefore the growing stock there must be 0.

^* e.g. ‘Arolla pine’ characteristic of the classification variable ‘tree species’ and ‘Swiss plateau’ characteristic of the ‘regional demarcation’

Changes

There are two types of changes in the NFI:

The first type involves specific target variables relating to components of change, such as increment, fellings, mortality and losses. These target variables are only available for two consecutive inventory cycles, e.g. NFI3–NFI4. In the evaluation of components of change, the classification variable characteristic of the second inventory cycle is assigned to the first inventory cycle. These evaluations therefore do not take into account potential changes in a classification variable characteristic from the earlier to the later inventory (e.g. from private to public ownership).

With the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as number of stems, growing stock or forest area, is used to assess the change between two inventory cycles. Target variables are generally used to represent states, such as that in NFI4, but can also indicate the net change between any two inventory cycles, e.g. NFI1–NFI4. In evaluations of change using these target variables, the change in a classification variable characteristic is considered in the analysis. Consequently, one can detect, for example, that the forest area without shrub forest increased between the two inventory cycles. This only has an effect on classification variables whose characteristic (class) can actually change, e.g. the affiliation with a forest area or the tree condition.

NFI5
total number of stems
diameter at breast height (10 classes) · main tree species
regional demarcation: production region
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		production region
		Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
diameter at breast height (10 classes)	main tree species	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
12-20 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	37	11	48	10	81	8	103	5	34	16	68	4
	fir	39	10	22	12	36	11	9	14	5	28	22	6
	pine	1	30	1	41	2	56	18	18	1	100	6	16
	larch	0	80	4	54	2	50	12	12	13	23	6	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	27	0	100	2	27
	other conifers	3	38	3	39	1	41	4	32	0	100	2	20
	beech	55	8	41	10	35	10	18	12	51	14	36	5
	maple	21	13	14	14	12	16	11	13	7	31	13	7
	ash	10	17	9	16	8	17	6	18	13	24	9	8
	oak	7	37	4	28	0	58	3	32	10	38	4	18
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	75	65	15	8	15
	other broadleaves	18	11	23	12	17	13	32	10	85	12	31	6
	indeterminable	1	44	0	58	1	30	1	28	0	57	1	17
	total	193	4	169	5	194	5	222	3	285	6	207	2
21-30 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	19	11	29	10	53	8	61	5	25	14	41	4
	fir	23	10	12	14	21	10	5	14	3	33	12	6
	pine	3	28	2	37	1	79	11	14	0	57	5	12
	larch	0	100	2	38	0	78	9	13	15	18	5	10
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	19	0	100	1	19
	other conifers	1	43	1	31	0	58	0	50	0	.	0	21
	beech	32	9	20	8	24	10	10	13	31	17	21	5
	maple	11	11	9	16	10	13	6	16	2	31	8	7
	ash	5	19	4	16	7	18	3	24	5	34	5	10
	oak	4	30	3	24	1	49	1	33	6	24	3	13
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	71	36	14	4	14
	other broadleaves	5	18	8	13	6	22	11	13	36	12	11	7
	indeterminable	0	58	0	100	0	45	0	48	0	100	0	27
	total	102	4	88	5	125	5	122	4	160	5	116	2
31-40 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	16	11	15	10	39	7	41	5	18	15	28	3
	fir	11	11	7	13	13	11	4	16	2	33	7	6
	pine	4	22	1	27	1	53	5	15	1	51	3	11
	larch	0	71	0	44	0	100	8	12	9	18	3	10
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	20	0	.	1	20
	other conifers	0	81	0	44	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	34
	beech	24	8	13	9	16	9	6	12	14	15	14	5
	maple	5	16	4	14	6	15	2	18	1	56	4	8
	ash	3	25	5	16	4	25	2	22	1	35	3	10
	oak	2	23	2	25	0	55	0	42	2	27	1	13
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	79	14	18	2	18
	other broadleaves	2	24	3	19	1	29	1	18	13	18	3	10
	indeterminable	0	71	0	100	0	41	0	38	0	.	0	26
	total	68	5	51	5	81	4	73	3	75	6	69	2
41-50 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	11	9	10	9	24	6	27	5	12	14	18	3
	fir	9	10	6	10	8	8	3	15	2	29	5	5
	pine	2	19	2	18	1	58	2	17	0	60	2	11
	larch	0	58	0	36	0	100	6	11	6	16	3	9
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	20	0	.	0	20
	other conifers	0	61	0	47	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	35
	beech	15	7	9	8	10	10	3	13	5	16	8	4
	maple	2	15	1	21	2	17	1	18	0	47	1	8
	ash	1	21	3	15	2	21	1	27	1	44	1	10
	oak	2	24	2	18	0	53	0	42	1	32	1	12
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	58	6	18	1	18
	other broadleaves	1	33	1	20	0	38	1	26	4	20	1	12
	indeterminable	0	71	0	.	0	.	0	37	0	.	0	33
	total	44	4	35	4	47	4	45	3	37	6	42	2
51-60 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	7	10	5	11	16	7	15	5	8	20	11	4
	fir	5	11	4	12	8	10	2	16	2	29	4	6
	pine	1	25	1	22	0	50	1	23	0	100	1	13
	larch	0	71	0	31	0	100	4	11	4	16	2	9
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	26	0	.	0	26
	other conifers	0	62	0	49	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	36
	beech	7	10	7	8	5	13	2	18	3	20	4	5
	maple	1	22	1	27	1	24	0	28	0	.	1	13
	ash	0	35	2	17	0	38	0	28	0	72	1	13
	oak	0	31	1	18	0	.	0	59	0	41	0	14
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	3	24	0	24
	other broadleaves	0	52	1	30	0	47	0	38	0	52	0	18
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	58	0	71	0	.	0	45
	total	22	5	23	4	30	4	26	4	20	11	25	2
61-70 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	3	13	3	13	7	9	6	8	3	16	5	5
	fir	3	15	2	14	4	12	1	21	0	45	2	7
	pine	0	71	0	37	0	58	0	34	0	.	0	22
	larch	0	.	0	45	0	.	3	13	2	23	1	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	50	0	.	0	50
	other conifers	0	100	0	51	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	42
	beech	2	17	3	12	1	23	1	24	1	29	1	8
	maple	0	100	0	43	0	65	0	59	0	.	0	30
	ash	0	43	1	25	0	53	0	71	0	100	0	19
	oak	0	60	0	33	0	100	0	100	0	71	0	25
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	1	27	0	26
	other broadleaves	0	100	0	45	0	71	0	54	0	71	0	29
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	100
	total	9	8	10	6	13	7	11	6	8	10	10	3
71-80 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1	20	1	20	3	13	3	10	2	26	2	7
	fir	1	19	1	18	2	16	1	24	0	49	1	9
	pine	0	100	0	50	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	38
	larch	0	100	0	.	0	71	1	19	1	28	0	15
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	38	0	.	0	38
	other conifers	0	.	0	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	58
	beech	0	37	1	20	1	29	0	42	0	41	1	13
	maple	0	71	0	100	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	50
	ash	0	71	0	72	0	71	0	70	0	.	0	36
	oak	0	70	0	41	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	33
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	33	0	33
	other broadleaves	0	71	0	50	0	.	0	100	0	100	0	35
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	3	12	4	10	5	9	5	8	4	14	4	4
81-90 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	47	0	27	1	24	1	18	0	43	1	12
	fir	0	42	1	26	1	30	0	41	0	100	0	16
	pine	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	28	1	45	0	24
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	61	0	.	0	61
	other conifers	0	100	0	62	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	47
	beech	0	100	0	58	0	71	0	57	0	45	0	27
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	100
	ash	0	100	0	100	0	72	0	.	0	.	0	51
	oak	0	.	0	50	0	100	0	100	0	.	0	41
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	47	0	47
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1	28	2	15	1	17	2	13	2	23	1	8
91-100 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	71	0	58	0	72	0	24	0	72	0	20
	fir	0	50	0	71	0	71	0	71	0	58	0	28
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	100
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	41	0	.	0	41
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	71
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	52	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	46
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	100
	ash	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	71
	oak	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	71
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	53	0	48
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	41	0	28	0	45	1	18	1	35	0	13
>100 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	71	0	71	0	44	0	38	0	72	0	24
	fir	0	71	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	58
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	100	0	74
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	71	0	.	0	71
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	57	0	57
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	50	0	54	0	41	0	31	1	41	0	19
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	95	7	112	7	225	5	259	4	103	13	174	3
	fir	91	7	55	8	92	7	24	11	14	24	54	4
	pine	12	18	7	16	5	50	38	13	3	58	16	10
	larch	1	44	7	35	2	47	43	8	50	14	21	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	17	0	100	4	17
	other conifers	4	30	5	25	1	33	4	31	0	70	3	16
	beech	135	5	94	6	92	7	39	10	106	13	86	3
	maple	40	10	28	10	31	11	21	11	10	26	26	5
	ash	20	14	25	10	21	14	12	15	20	23	19	6
	oak	15	24	13	16	2	32	5	27	20	25	9	11
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	56	127	12	15	12
	other broadleaves	26	10	36	10	25	12	46	10	138	10	47	5
	indeterminable	1	32	0	44	2	21	2	19	1	50	1	12
	total	441	3	382	3	498	3	506	2	593	4	476	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1297025. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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