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total number of stems #3
Number of stems of all living and dead trees and shrubs (standing and lying) with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥12 cm. The total number of stems is the sum of the number of stems and the number of deadwood stems.

altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS, 3 classes) #2668
Altitudinal vegetation belts in the system used in the guidelines for monitoring the sustainability and performance of protection forests (NaiS; Frehner et al. 2005), reduced to three classes. The variable represents a simplification of the NaiS altititudinal vegetation belts in six classes (NAISHSTKOMB6KL) in which the class «hyperinsubric and colline» is mearged with «submontane» to form the class «hyperinsubric, colline, submontane», the class «lower and upper montane» with «high montane» to form the class «montane» and the class «subalpine» with «upper subalpine» to form the class «subalpine». The information is based on the altitudinal vegetation belts determined by experts (accessible forest sample plots of NFI4 on the 1.4-km network; Arge Frehner et al. 2020), as well as on the altitudinal vegetation belts modelled for the period 1981-2010 (other sample plots; Zischg et al. 2021).

diameter at breast height (10 classes) #1317
Diameter at breast height (dbh) of the trees and shrubs ≥12 cm dbh – in ten classes. Reference: Field Survey (MID 60: Brusthöhendurchmesser, MID 62: Umfang)

biogeographical region #2586
Demarcation of Switzerland into six regions with similar flora and fauna. The six regions correspond to the basic categories in the publication «The Biogeographical Regions of Switzerland», which was published by FOEN in 2022.

accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5 #2382
Forest that was less than two-thirds covered with shrubs in the five inventories NFI1 (1983-1985), NFI2 (1993-1995), NFI3 (2004-2006), NFI4 (2009-2017) and NFI5 (2018-2026) and was accessible on foot.

1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5 #1746
Sub-grids 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the field surveys on the sampling grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km (base grid).

Estimates and standard error of the estimates

The results published in the NFI tables are estimates for variables in the Swiss forest (population parameters) whose true values are not known and must therefore be extrapolated (estimated) from the NFI sample data.

The extrapolations carry uncertainties. However, the accuracy of the extrapolations can be reliably estimated from the NFI sample, which is designed to be a random sample. To this end, all NFI tables include a second figure in addition to the estimate itself, namely the standard error of the estimate.

In most tables the percent standard error is reported (±%), but the absolute standard error (±) is also reported occasionally, especially for estimated percentages. The relationship between absolute and percent standard error is as follows:

percent standard error = absolute standard error / estimate × 100

absolute standard error = percent standard error × estimate / 100

Information on the forest road network is based on a full survey of all forest roads. In this case, there is no need to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty caused by sampling.

Confidence interval of the estimate

With the estimate and the standard error of the estimate, the limits of the so-called confidence interval of the estimate can be calculated as:

lower limit = estimate – tQ × absolute standard error

upper limit = estimate + tQ × absolute standard error

If the simple standard error is used for the calculation (tQ = 1), then the 68% confidence interval is formed. In this case, the true value of the population parameter has a 68% probability of lying within this confidence interval of the estimate. If the double standard error is used (tQ = 2), then there is a 95% probability that the true value lies within this 95% confidence interval.

Significance of the estimate

The confidence interval can be used to statistically test whether the estimated population parameter is larger or smaller than a specific reference or target value, or whether two estimated population parameters truly differ (in the real population). For practical applications, proceed as follows: if a reference value lies outside the confidence interval, the estimated population value can be interpreted as being significantly different from it; if it lies within the confidence interval, the difference between the estimated population parameter and the reference value can be interpreted as random or not significant. When two population parameters are compared, they can be interpreted as differing significantly if their confidence intervals do not overlap.

Dealing with missing values

When calculating a results table, data are not always available for all combinations of characteristics^* of the classification variables and regional demarcation applied. In most cases, this indicates that the attribute estimated with the respective target variable does not occur or occurs only very rarely. Usually, the value 0 is used (imputed). However, as this value is not based on direct measurements, the associated standard error is represented with a full stop [.]. If the imputed value of 0 is referred to in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be entered. In this case, the estimated value and standard error are both represented with a full stop [.].

For example, no Arolla pines have been found and measured in the Swiss Plateau to date (growing stock of Arolla pines by production region). The values can be assumed to be missing because Arolla pine does not occur in the Swiss Plateau and therefore the growing stock there must be 0.

^* e.g. ‘Arolla pine’ characteristic of the classification variable ‘tree species’ and ‘Swiss plateau’ characteristic of the ‘regional demarcation’

Changes

There are two types of changes in the NFI:

The first type involves specific target variables relating to components of change, such as increment, fellings, mortality and losses. These target variables are only available for two consecutive inventory cycles, e.g. NFI3–NFI4. In the evaluation of components of change, the classification variable characteristic of the second inventory cycle is assigned to the first inventory cycle. These evaluations therefore do not take into account potential changes in a classification variable characteristic from the earlier to the later inventory (e.g. from private to public ownership).

With the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as number of stems, growing stock or forest area, is used to assess the change between two inventory cycles. Target variables are generally used to represent states, such as that in NFI4, but can also indicate the net change between any two inventory cycles, e.g. NFI1–NFI4. In evaluations of change using these target variables, the change in a classification variable characteristic is considered in the analysis. Consequently, one can detect, for example, that the forest area without shrub forest increased between the two inventory cycles. This only has an effect on classification variables whose characteristic (class) can actually change, e.g. the affiliation with a forest area or the tree condition.

NFI5
total number of stems
altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS, 3 classes) · diameter at breast height (10 classes)
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS, 3 classes)	diameter at breast height (10 classes)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-20 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	21-30 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	31-40 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	41-50 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	51-60 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	61-70 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	71-80 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	81-90 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	91-100 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	>100 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
subalpine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-20 cm	150	0	0	.	211	15	198	11	195	11	138	15	190	7
	21-30 cm	200	0	0	.	127	14	107	11	106	10	125	14	114	6
	31-40 cm	190	0	0	.	94	14	72	12	76	8	68	12	78	6
	41-50 cm	100	0	0	.	58	11	46	12	50	8	44	14	50	5
	51-60 cm	80	0	0	.	24	14	25	12	28	9	29	14	26	6
	61-70 cm	20	0	0	.	12	18	14	17	11	14	7	21	11	9
	71-80 cm	0	.	0	.	6	22	5	29	5	19	5	26	5	12
	81-90 cm	0	.	0	.	1	49	2	42	2	36	3	44	2	21
	91-100 cm	0	.	0	.	1	70	1	49	1	52	0	99	1	31
	>100 cm	0	.	0	.	1	70	0	100	0	57	0	99	0	37
	total	740	0	0	.	533	10	471	7	473	6	420	8	477	4
montane	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-20 cm	188	5	166	9	201	4	275	8	210	8	252	9	205	3
	21-30 cm	105	5	96	8	121	4	158	10	123	8	142	8	119	3
	31-40 cm	73	5	60	8	78	4	81	9	68	7	75	10	73	3
	41-50 cm	46	4	43	7	47	4	43	9	43	7	38	8	45	2
	51-60 cm	24	6	30	8	30	4	25	11	27	8	23	17	27	3
	61-70 cm	9	9	12	11	14	6	7	19	11	12	10	13	11	4
	71-80 cm	3	14	6	13	6	8	4	27	4	17	5	20	5	6
	81-90 cm	1	31	3	19	1	16	1	40	2	23	2	29	1	10
	91-100 cm	0	41	1	45	0	26	1	44	0	57	1	41	0	16
	>100 cm	0	50	0	100	0	41	0	100	0	100	1	59	0	26
	total	450	3	417	5	499	2	593	6	488	5	547	7	489	2
hyperinsubric, colline, submontane	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-20 cm	195	11	173	5	267	15	358	19	206	19	394	8	220	4
	21-30 cm	97	10	87	5	147	15	133	17	139	23	205	7	111	4
	31-40 cm	60	10	48	5	74	14	46	23	59	31	75	10	55	4
	41-50 cm	35	10	33	5	38	17	17	28	33	25	32	11	33	4
	51-60 cm	17	12	20	5	21	18	7	62	25	28	12	16	18	4
	61-70 cm	7	18	9	8	7	33	0	.	2	96	4	19	7	6
	71-80 cm	2	31	4	11	2	44	0	.	2	96	3	28	3	10
	81-90 cm	0	100	1	19	2	57	0	.	0	.	1	47	1	17
	91-100 cm	0	.	0	35	0	.	1	98	2	95	1	60	0	29
	>100 cm	0	.	0	54	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	57	0	40
	total	414	6	375	3	558	10	562	14	468	16	729	5	450	2
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-20 cm	190	4	171	4	206	4	253	6	203	6	283	6	207	2
	21-30 cm	103	4	90	4	123	4	136	7	117	6	161	5	116	2
	31-40 cm	70	5	52	4	79	4	74	7	71	5	74	6	69	2
	41-50 cm	44	4	36	4	48	3	42	7	46	5	37	6	42	2
	51-60 cm	22	5	23	4	29	4	23	8	27	6	20	11	25	2
	61-70 cm	9	8	10	6	13	6	9	13	11	9	8	9	10	3
	71-80 cm	3	13	4	9	6	8	4	20	4	13	4	14	4	4
	81-90 cm	1	30	2	13	1	15	1	30	2	21	2	22	1	8
	91-100 cm	0	41	0	28	0	24	1	31	1	36	1	33	0	13
	>100 cm	0	50	0	48	0	35	0	71	0	50	1	39	0	19
	total	442	3	388	3	506	2	543	4	481	4	590	4	476	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1319060. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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