Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4
number of stems of young forest plants
size classe (young forest; 5 classes) · main tree species in young forest (counting)
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: stockable and accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4-km grid
state 2009/17
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
size classe (young forest; 5 classes)	main tree species in young forest (counting)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
height 10-39 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	733	24	159	53	1876	54	1608	42	929	24	823	41	1512	27	1089	32	1059	26	503	30	307	38	523	16	1112	25	71	34	858	10
	fir	829	15	789	36	682	39	2741	18	2329	20	829	26	883	16	1113	22	238	35	114	79	168	74	97	32	68	65	40	39	757	8
	pine	16	100	0	.	17	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	30	100	0	.	32	66	105	33	5	100	22	25
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	248	67	42	39	15	58	35	50
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	174	36	150	44	0	.	37	29
	other conifers	15	57	18	100	0	.	0	.	14	100	0	.	8	100	11	100	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	0	.	5	100	7	35
	beech	10076	19	12892	19	10947	44	3854	22	5997	16	2002	33	1779	21	3782	23	4180	59	1541	44	477	43	1539	50	172	36	511	49	3960	9
	maple	4694	15	10513	28	7475	57	3864	24	13281	16	2686	39	925	18	5292	24	937	24	2028	34	566	33	660	50	190	48	603	27	3527	9
	ash	4432	17	7973	18	4793	23	4349	30	10091	12	1658	25	3218	27	4817	20	1676	37	3019	37	3021	25	1549	30	398	30	3616	26	3796	7
	oak	1336	49	70	50	2823	73	327	28	287	66	41	70	16	71	11	100	0	.	30	100	0	.	333	37	77	63	193	43	407	30
	sweet chestnut	5	100	0	.	196	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	173	22	32	29
	other broadleaves	1117	16	955	22	758	33	763	39	1000	18	841	22	968	21	809	21	1250	21	1394	23	471	30	1078	21	885	15	690	16	929	6
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	23253	10	33369	16	29565	24	17506	13	33959	10	8879	17	9316	12	16924	14	9341	29	8658	21	5033	18	6239	19	3198	13	5923	18	14365	5
height 40-129 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	239	21	44	55	599	38	308	21	309	23	470	24	768	19	457	26	585	19	339	23	373	27	331	19	603	16	115	38	386	7
	fir	234	21	298	67	223	45	648	20	299	28	84	35	286	29	137	31	28	47	32	57	0	.	42	38	51	82	13	50	167	11
	pine	2	100	0	.	0	.	8	71	6	100	0	.	5	71	12	74	10	100	11	100	0	.	29	62	80	31	18	91	19	23
	larch	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	11	100	0	.	6	71	0	.	15	57	0	.	0	.	68	33	125	38	32	41	29	23
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	40	55	27	0	.	9	23
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	12	100	8	100	5	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	53
	beech	3409	11	5902	13	2340	22	1653	19	3681	15	2001	45	936	26	1797	26	353	35	656	79	734	39	64	49	108	32	29	26	1531	6
	maple	598	15	2036	24	702	41	475	22	2174	19	440	30	249	22	634	27	325	33	203	34	139	36	78	36	34	35	48	39	528	9
	ash	626	19	1419	22	479	26	677	24	2004	22	472	27	509	22	832	26	231	31	601	39	386	37	133	26	51	47	412	24	599	9
	oak	17	59	39	47	62	44	58	33	33	33	0	.	3	100	0	.	0	.	11	100	0	.	46	44	0	.	5	75	18	17
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	13	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	32	4	30
	other broadleaves	437	22	435	33	365	31	367	40	584	17	506	28	304	15	416	19	548	18	560	23	355	39	281	18	350	19	191	17	380	6
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	5563	8	10173	11	4802	14	4202	12	9106	10	3972	26	3066	11	4285	14	2094	12	2413	26	1988	20	1095	11	1457	10	893	14	3673	4
DBH 0-3.9 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	102	18	27	52	87	28	170	24	111	24	249	21	265	16	157	21	237	15	142	25	149	24	135	15	221	18	58	19	148	6
	fir	102	15	37	83	103	37	232	21	48	34	45	26	108	21	94	27	20	34	11	57	3	100	43	32	3	45	11	34	61	9
	pine	1	100	2	100	0	.	0	.	6	72	0	.	8	55	3	100	4	70	20	52	0	.	31	40	63	33	6	100	14	22
	larch	0	.	2	100	2	100	0	.	2	70	3	100	0	.	0	.	7	79	0	.	0	.	43	24	89	23	21	26	19	15
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	32	18	26	1	100	4	20
	other conifers	1	100	0	.	0	.	3	70	5	53	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	40
	beech	1630	10	2621	17	1005	22	1180	22	1774	14	499	39	643	24	481	18	171	25	230	44	255	27	28	36	51	26	120	59	730	6
	maple	230	14	656	23	293	50	205	23	770	18	138	25	133	20	186	41	155	26	81	51	31	46	23	25	18	38	15	30	193	9
	ash	253	19	358	23	271	23	259	33	521	15	147	39	323	36	200	34	80	29	150	42	183	50	66	26	15	41	116	49	202	9
	oak	1	71	2	100	13	56	3	70	18	44	0	.	2	100	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	53	0	.	2	58	4	25
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	1	100	0	.	21	43	3	39
	other broadleaves	173	14	252	28	332	25	162	24	240	17	424	20	217	14	254	27	392	21	238	21	176	24	192	29	116	28	121	14	206	6
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	2494	8	3959	13	2110	15	2214	14	3496	9	1505	16	1700	13	1376	13	1066	12	877	17	797	19	577	12	594	10	492	20	1585	4
DBH 4-7.9 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	40	15	31	39	38	21	98	17	54	18	102	18	107	10	71	18	134	18	109	20	105	19	80	10	136	11	47	15	79	4
	fir	56	11	11	40	63	27	67	20	14	25	21	26	48	16	42	29	7	43	34	27	6	52	21	30	3	40	9	33	28	7
	pine	1	74	1	100	0	.	0	.	2	53	0	.	1	74	1	71	10	93	11	55	0	.	17	24	30	27	5	58	7	17
	larch	0	.	3	61	0	.	5	89	1	71	0	.	0	.	1	100	3	83	0	.	0	.	30	17	26	22	18	22	9	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	9	27	9	27	0	.	2	19
	other conifers	1	100	0	.	2	71	3	70	2	53	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	37
	beech	80	13	155	18	97	24	104	14	89	14	32	43	49	15	54	16	42	29	22	46	71	24	7	35	13	41	29	19	54	5
	maple	29	21	78	24	38	30	20	23	56	18	34	36	14	21	13	25	29	33	18	46	12	34	12	18	3	51	6	25	22	8
	ash	21	22	54	28	43	30	24	39	52	22	12	62	16	28	14	36	14	47	12	49	18	46	5	36	2	53	10	26	19	9
	oak	1	50	5	72	7	39	6	55	9	54	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	36	0	.	2	49	3	22
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	3	32	1	29
	other broadleaves	32	13	39	28	41	24	25	22	31	19	57	24	34	16	28	20	65	17	60	23	35	29	57	14	24	28	60	12	41	5
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	262	7	377	13	330	12	352	8	311	8	258	12	270	7	224	11	305	11	268	13	247	12	244	6	248	8	188	7	265	2
DBH 8-11.9 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	25	17	22	34	16	26	59	19	32	16	43	21	47	12	40	16	67	15	64	32	60	22	48	11	77	9	28	15	44	4
	fir	33	13	6	37	25	22	36	21	11	27	12	33	27	15	19	27	6	40	17	34	7	47	10	43	1	58	4	40	15	7
	pine	0	100	1	100	0	.	1	71	2	70	0	.	2	71	0	.	6	66	5	74	1	100	7	25	15	26	2	61	4	16
	larch	0	100	1	100	3	100	1	100	0	100	0	.	0	.	1	100	3	44	0	.	0	.	15	19	16	22	10	28	5	13
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	100	0	.	3	48	7	28	0	.	1	24
	other conifers	1	79	1	100	0	.	1	71	1	60	0	.	1	71	2	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	32
	beech	29	14	54	22	23	26	49	18	32	16	17	37	28	16	20	19	19	27	12	34	31	37	4	33	3	41	19	19	22	6
	maple	9	22	15	34	10	42	10	30	11	22	13	38	6	25	9	39	11	26	8	44	7	47	8	24	1	71	4	36	7	9
	ash	5	45	13	35	12	31	5	37	15	20	5	53	3	46	7	31	4	70	8	59	6	52	3	35	1	75	6	29	6	10
	oak	3	76	1	100	1	100	6	66	3	76	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	1	100	7	30	0	100	3	39	2	22
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	28	1	27
	other broadleaves	12	18	22	25	15	26	16	28	16	20	22	33	11	21	9	32	23	29	25	41	20	34	26	16	10	22	40	12	19	6
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	117	8	136	14	104	11	184	10	125	8	112	13	126	7	107	10	138	11	143	17	135	14	131	8	130	7	122	7	128	2
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1140	17	282	33	2616	45	2243	30	1435	17	1687	25	2699	18	1815	25	2082	16	1157	19	994	18	1117	12	2148	16	319	20	1515	7
	fir	1255	12	1141	44	1096	30	3725	16	2702	18	991	23	1353	16	1404	19	300	29	209	47	184	68	214	25	126	48	76	27	1028	7
	pine	21	96	4	79	17	100	10	63	23	56	0	.	25	56	16	61	29	61	76	54	1	100	115	34	293	21	37	82	66	16
	larch	0	100	6	75	11	63	5	79	37	92	3	100	6	71	1	70	29	54	0	.	0	.	404	45	298	26	96	23	98	22
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	100	0	.	221	32	239	31	1	100	53	22
	other conifers	18	50	19	95	14	88	16	55	28	55	0	.	9	91	13	84	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	0	.	5	100	10	25
	beech	15225	13	21624	13	14413	34	6839	16	11574	12	4550	35	3435	17	6134	20	4766	52	2461	47	1568	26	1642	47	347	25	708	37	6297	7
	maple	5560	14	13299	24	8518	52	4574	21	16291	15	3311	34	1326	15	6134	22	1457	19	2337	30	756	28	780	44	246	39	676	25	4278	8
	ash	5336	15	9817	16	5598	20	5314	26	12684	11	2293	21	4069	24	5870	19	2004	32	3790	35	3614	23	1756	27	467	28	4160	24	4621	6
	oak	1358	49	117	36	2905	70	400	25	349	54	41	70	22	56	13	88	0	.	42	75	1	100	395	34	77	63	205	41	433	28
	sweet chestnut	5	100	0	.	213	92	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	8	86	0	.	232	19	40	24
	other broadleaves	1771	14	1704	19	1511	21	1333	33	1872	14	1849	17	1535	15	1517	15	2278	14	2279	18	1057	25	1635	16	1385	12	1101	12	1575	5
	species not assessed in all inventories	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	31689	8	48014	12	36911	20	24457	10	46996	8	14725	16	14478	9	22917	13	12944	21	12359	18	8199	13	8286	14	5625	9	7618	15	20015	4

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1196562. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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