Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
slope (in 20% classes) · cause of damage to trees (10 classes)
regional demarcation: canton
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		canton
		AG		AI		AR		BE		BL/BS		FR		GE		GL		GR		JU		LU		NE		NW		OW		SG		SH		SO		SZ		TG		TI		UR		VD		VS		ZG		ZH		Switzerland
slope (in 20% classes)	cause of damage to trees (10 classes)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	various	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	weather	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
to 20%	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	236	10	370	0	350	25	304	8	273	17	293	15	250	35	0	.	388	17	258	13	416	11	286	12	380	0	485	27	235	16	263	16	344	20	304	21	281	10	200	39	490	0	332	8	417	35	207	38	242	9	299	3
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	various	8	40	0	.	47	87	7	25	6	58	26	31	14	90	0	.	14	41	15	37	6	40	11	42	40	0	0	.	7	48	2	97	9	66	17	58	16	27	12	86	300	0	17	23	11	94	10	87	7	36	12	10
	indeterminable	39	20	20	0	85	54	35	16	58	27	40	17	14	90	0	.	95	26	32	23	46	23	39	24	20	0	83	28	35	24	38	28	33	33	33	58	51	22	39	21	0	.	39	15	39	30	48	45	29	14	41	6
	wood harvest	11	31	0	.	0	.	31	18	17	40	11	42	4	90	0	.	0	.	8	58	23	38	15	29	0	.	19	94	8	47	13	63	7	49	3	95	20	32	0	.	0	.	12	28	0	.	5	86	25	22	17	9
	other human activity	3	47	0	.	27	87	2	38	0	.	4	57	8	90	0	.	9	43	2	98	7	90	3	69	0	.	0	.	5	57	0	.	4	68	0	.	3	60	0	.	0	.	5	37	6	93	0	.	2	61	3	17
	weather	2	73	0	.	0	.	2	35	12	45	5	38	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	57	8	49	1	68	50	0	6	96	6	55	3	97	2	68	0	.	6	40	4	91	0	.	3	55	13	61	0	.	4	45	4	15
	lying living trees	2	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	75	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	98	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	69	12	86	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	99	1	32
	dead trees	21	28	0	.	57	87	18	17	26	37	43	31	54	26	98	0	46	30	43	41	23	22	28	30	0	.	53	33	9	36	11	62	18	52	48	35	22	39	74	86	400	0	33	18	86	48	38	57	19	20	28	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
21-40 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	222	12	278	32	374	27	291	6	297	17	317	11	0	.	267	20	260	10	315	15	373	12	342	12	589	21	441	25	311	17	207	20	354	16	327	14	239	19	378	12	279	31	309	12	321	19	374	20	273	12	307	3
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	69	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	57	0	.	0	99	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	44
	various	10	51	23	42	9	73	9	21	10	81	17	61	0	.	0	.	14	25	9	46	13	33	9	49	270	65	45	61	30	39	5	96	14	51	9	46	16	42	46	42	173	37	15	31	7	42	37	18	17	41	17	12
	indeterminable	32	19	67	52	85	28	38	11	43	29	62	28	0	.	79	36	90	13	55	20	57	16	51	19	47	6	97	22	47	17	52	29	47	24	50	36	50	19	75	17	140	42	54	15	63	16	14	80	54	16	56	5
	wood harvest	10	50	26	70	3	65	21	16	11	56	4	50	0	.	10	69	2	61	17	36	11	33	7	50	0	.	4	96	12	42	44	28	27	40	9	62	7	56	7	99	0	.	16	30	3	68	7	80	20	34	13	10
	other human activity	9	35	10	63	11	54	6	43	2	96	8	75	0	.	0	.	7	43	4	68	4	80	9	41	40	73	0	.	7	59	0	.	0	.	1	97	30	92	11	41	10	86	6	62	5	55	0	.	1	99	6	17
	weather	4	47	0	.	15	43	5	35	16	48	11	37	0	.	0	.	4	41	7	48	12	38	11	63	0	.	4	96	6	59	0	.	8	49	12	48	16	43	8	47	0	.	10	35	5	51	0	.	11	41	8	11
	lying living trees	1	99	0	.	5	95	1	60	8	96	1	99	0	.	0	.	1	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	97	0	.	6	68	0	.	0	.	2	98	0	.	1	99	1	28
	dead trees	28	24	45	65	58	30	32	14	39	48	58	27	0	.	26	69	52	22	76	33	87	27	38	23	42	89	64	25	30	25	45	47	21	39	79	53	38	47	65	27	35	39	49	19	66	37	50	50	28	33	47	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
41-60 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	260	27	317	44	184	20	298	8	349	24	295	20	0	.	151	20	286	7	291	14	250	15	222	9	493	29	265	21	330	13	415	22	268	18	231	18	208	25	369	13	412	29	261	10	347	8	166	25	255	26	300	3
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	67	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	64
	rockfall	2	96	0	.	0	.	5	56	2	96	3	73	0	.	4	96	6	61	4	98	0	.	5	73	0	.	7	66	1	99	30	94	4	81	3	98	0	.	11	39	0	.	16	45	5	50	0	.	0	.	6	20
	various	4	96	7	77	3	93	14	32	8	55	36	43	0	.	26	60	13	19	24	52	15	28	0	.	12	60	5	73	21	26	19	40	3	76	27	53	0	.	28	22	3	92	12	39	13	21	38	57	4	52	16	9
	indeterminable	51	40	6	84	30	47	68	11	48	39	60	21	0	.	67	34	81	9	58	24	54	27	23	47	92	8	83	27	67	19	65	39	52	21	45	26	55	28	126	10	45	29	58	14	84	11	30	52	40	25	73	4
	wood harvest	20	44	15	77	7	93	9	29	8	65	12	60	0	.	42	42	6	27	12	32	27	40	8	49	69	60	0	.	3	74	0	.	19	48	22	42	58	58	1	60	12	70	7	46	0	100	16	92	14	60	9	12
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	10	95	6	44	0	.	16	65	0	.	0	.	4	32	8	60	6	53	6	76	0	.	9	66	8	39	0	.	5	61	13	92	0	.	3	54	29	93	2	84	8	46	8	92	0	.	6	16
	weather	16	68	0	.	0	.	8	31	27	38	11	60	0	.	5	95	11	23	6	69	5	59	0	.	0	.	3	97	14	27	10	54	20	34	2	98	0	.	34	31	0	.	10	37	17	33	0	.	12	57	13	12
	lying living trees	6	71	0	.	10	93	0	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	95	2	78	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	49	13	64	4	68	1	98	0	.	8	51	0	.	2	69	7	54	0	.	3	97	3	23
	dead trees	47	26	85	76	125	30	65	14	97	22	84	23	0	.	104	45	54	13	75	25	65	31	7	66	17	82	57	53	92	18	76	22	60	20	65	24	0	.	120	15	69	46	72	17	86	16	83	20	78	31	75	5
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
61-80 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	145	12	380	0	20	0	278	9	311	14	293	28	0	.	253	27	277	8	339	11	231	20	311	22	732	45	324	29	306	19	0	.	246	26	311	21	0	.	317	10	348	17	428	16	304	9	0	.	175	21	299	4
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	94	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	74
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	50	0	35	23	110	75	80	82	0	.	39	36	14	21	19	63	0	.	98	49	0	.	112	45	32	36	0	.	43	45	29	33	0	.	28	25	82	42	24	42	29	26	0	.	21	93	31	10
	various	0	.	0	.	230	0	6	26	0	.	2	95	0	.	7	48	19	21	19	51	22	77	4	88	35	58	11	60	14	41	0	.	0	.	9	61	0	.	49	26	14	48	12	35	15	33	0	.	7	93	18	13
	indeterminable	20	71	70	0	190	0	69	11	64	29	98	38	0	.	71	29	102	10	84	40	82	32	0	.	79	31	67	28	88	16	0	.	136	31	70	19	0	.	114	14	82	18	79	17	88	12	0	.	84	23	89	5
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	37	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	51	3	38	0	.	15	80	15	88	0	.	14	96	5	60	0	.	2	94	0	.	0	.	0	99	5	97	4	61	3	47	0	.	6	92	5	19
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	40	0	.	39	93	0	.	14	68	4	41	2	93	3	97	0	.	17	88	0	.	8	81	0	.	0	.	3	96	0	.	4	50	0	.	1	98	4	58	0	.	0	.	5	21
	weather	20	71	0	.	0	.	10	25	0	.	2	95	0	.	9	47	15	23	4	63	25	51	0	.	0	.	3	98	7	61	0	.	9	67	14	71	0	.	18	21	11	40	5	57	11	21	0	.	7	93	12	10
	lying living trees	10	71	0	.	0	.	3	57	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	65	6	55	0	.	9	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	99	0	.	7	92	0	.	0	.	8	50	0	.	0	.	6	47	0	.	0	.	5	24
	dead trees	60	71	70	0	140	0	90	14	107	39	165	37	0	.	88	46	99	13	127	21	132	15	75	45	108	34	54	32	82	17	0	.	108	38	79	46	0	.	86	14	61	26	83	25	87	13	0	.	163	70	92	6
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
81-100 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	120	0	195	16	354	9	280	18	100	0	324	50	0	.	139	45	247	17	280	0	370	0	140	0	228	32	296	34	191	27	0	.	147	33	248	28	0	.	290	15	445	25	250	26	249	13	0	.	0	.	263	7
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	99	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	99	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	94
	rockfall	0	.	45	71	0	.	79	46	435	0	17	60	0	.	175	34	61	27	110	0	0	.	50	0	365	32	145	40	114	30	0	.	274	16	8	66	0	.	51	17	65	57	125	46	36	25	0	.	0	.	74	11
	various	0	.	51	40	204	33	2	97	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	54	3	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	55	76	23	52	28	61	0	.	0	.	2	95	0	.	43	46	12	52	4	92	13	42	0	.	0	.	21	29
	indeterminable	20	0	111	32	30	70	97	18	71	0	173	57	0	.	87	39	89	21	90	0	260	0	40	0	92	37	54	31	104	27	0	.	32	52	86	30	0	.	100	15	105	35	39	37	97	21	0	.	0	.	94	8
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	56	0	.	9	92	0	.	10	66	2	98	0	.	20	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	96	0	.	8	89	22	95	0	.	0	99	0	.	8	91	2	62	0	.	0	.	3	31
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	75	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	20	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	96	0	.	0	.	4	95	0	.	4	67	6	94	0	.	4	84	0	.	0	.	3	36
	weather	0	.	0	.	49	72	10	51	50	0	37	58	0	.	21	38	20	42	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	87	83	33	8	65	0	.	10	90	0	.	0	.	40	38	35	70	26	51	14	40	0	.	0	.	24	20
	lying living trees	50	0	10	71	61	70	2	97	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	92	4	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	87	0	.	2	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	41	0	.	0	.	4	52	0	.	0	.	5	25
	dead trees	50	0	61	45	101	35	101	35	100	0	169	32	0	.	119	34	103	19	20	0	190	0	60	0	48	41	83	32	75	37	0	.	161	33	66	48	0	.	104	19	91	24	118	50	115	16	0	.	0	.	103	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
>100%	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	200	0	0	.	251	20	0	.	333	52	0	.	70	0	193	20	0	.	0	.	445	0	109	54	919	0	617	25	0	.	0	.	27	70	0	.	248	18	385	41	404	72	177	19	0	.	0	.	247	10
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	98	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	99
	rockfall	0	.	220	0	0	.	103	25	0	.	102	33	0	.	150	0	81	36	0	.	0	.	0	.	140	45	126	0	371	52	0	.	0	.	41	70	0	.	70	27	69	78	144	37	127	37	0	.	0	.	104	15
	various	0	.	40	0	0	.	21	59	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	0	4	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	22	77	0	.	7	79	0	.	0	.	25	72	0	.	7	60	0	.	0	.	6	54	0	.	0	.	9	29
	indeterminable	0	.	40	0	0	.	94	31	0	.	29	60	0	.	70	0	79	24	0	.	0	.	53	0	109	39	460	0	128	6	0	.	0	.	76	22	0	.	154	26	87	57	68	17	90	31	0	.	0	.	107	13
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	97	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	20	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	97	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	59
	weather	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	53	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	0	13	40	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	41	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	26	26	0	.	0	.	16	42	0	.	0	.	16	19
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	66	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	209	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	97	34	81	0	.	23	65	0	.	0	.	10	40
	dead trees	0	.	150	0	0	.	91	28	0	.	40	82	0	.	110	0	79	25	0	.	0	.	105	0	138	12	793	0	194	23	0	.	0	.	71	70	0	.	86	26	250	16	207	6	120	28	0	.	0	.	113	12
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	230	7	284	19	300	17	292	4	302	10	303	8	250	35	194	18	277	4	292	7	341	7	299	7	441	24	371	13	298	8	284	12	303	10	275	9	267	9	327	6	376	11	319	5	311	5	230	19	250	7	297	2
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	95	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	49
	rockfall	0	100	19	73	2	98	14	19	23	62	8	60	0	.	52	29	15	17	4	49	0	.	7	52	109	43	48	35	24	32	8	99	22	36	8	32	0	.	28	13	55	33	10	28	22	18	0	.	1	100	16	7
	various	8	31	21	31	38	42	9	14	7	41	22	24	14	90	14	38	14	12	16	27	13	24	7	32	78	52	16	44	19	19	7	39	7	37	15	33	15	23	37	17	33	37	14	16	13	16	30	37	10	27	16	6
	indeterminable	37	14	56	35	69	22	53	6	52	16	60	14	14	90	71	18	91	6	52	13	58	12	39	14	80	17	87	14	65	10	49	19	52	14	55	14	51	16	111	7	84	15	51	8	84	7	31	34	41	10	67	2
	wood harvest	11	24	16	62	4	62	17	11	10	30	8	29	4	90	21	32	3	21	11	24	18	22	10	23	8	96	8	62	6	26	19	31	16	27	12	34	19	27	1	65	4	64	11	18	2	33	11	68	21	17	10	5
	other human activity	5	29	5	68	12	47	5	22	1	99	10	39	8	90	6	70	4	20	5	39	5	45	6	33	11	68	2	70	7	27	0	.	2	46	5	71	9	76	4	26	7	71	4	31	6	30	4	97	1	52	5	9
	weather	5	35	0	.	11	46	6	15	17	25	9	24	0	.	10	30	11	14	7	32	11	25	5	59	8	73	8	42	9	21	4	51	10	25	6	40	8	30	27	18	12	46	7	21	13	18	0	.	7	27	10	6
	lying living trees	2	39	1	97	10	58	1	38	2	99	0	100	0	.	7	48	3	36	1	77	1	74	0	.	3	97	5	81	3	40	3	70	2	57	1	70	2	70	8	25	2	99	1	58	6	29	0	.	1	58	3	12
	dead trees	27	15	59	35	84	20	51	8	61	18	68	15	54	26	96	25	73	8	71	16	71	15	32	17	70	24	73	24	62	12	37	25	49	17	70	21	24	30	97	8	87	17	54	10	90	8	62	21	35	22	64	3
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1267482. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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