Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
slope (in 20% classes) · type of damage to trees (13 classes)
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
slope (in 20% classes)	type of damage to trees (13 classes)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
to 20%	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	305	7	242	12	280	11	332	7	252	5	399	20	384	13	261	15	360	43	344	22	91	50	417	35	347	18	265	29	296	3
	exposed wood core	44	11	43	16	38	14	38	14	37	9	43	31	43	23	36	36	43	78	30	35	0	.	28	46	79	28	52	31	41	5
	crack, woundwood rib	0	57	1	99	2	75	1	76	1	49	0	.	0	.	1	98	4	89	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	98	0	.	1	30
	stem breakage	1	44	4	49	2	49	3	34	5	25	4	69	10	41	4	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	61	4	68	2	95	4	14
	defoliation >50%	6	33	7	47	14	30	2	34	4	28	4	96	5	65	8	76	27	61	94	52	0	.	0	.	1	98	6	92	6	15
	canker	2	42	2	59	3	44	3	33	3	34	4	73	6	37	5	84	15	60	13	86	0	.	11	94	6	71	0	.	3	15
	bark necrosis	1	62	0	99	0	.	0	.	0	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	98	0	.	0	41
	resinosis	14	17	9	35	15	32	23	24	22	18	33	29	29	33	17	32	37	49	38	56	5	87	11	72	23	36	0	.	19	9
	inclusion	2	44	0	99	2	52	0	70	0	100	2	96	1	98	0	.	0	.	10	51	5	87	0	.	1	98	0	.	1	24
	stag-headedness	1	52	3	58	3	65	1	54	2	38	4	96	6	38	10	98	0	.	63	86	0	.	6	94	0	.	0	.	3	24
	other type of damage	5	27	4	46	5	31	3	30	3	27	15	57	7	45	0	.	0	.	12	88	0	.	2	94	9	50	22	71	5	13
	lying living trees	1	77	1	99	0	.	0	.	1	51	0	.	0	.	1	98	9	92	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	92	1	32
	dead trees	29	17	22	36	36	20	18	17	18	16	60	44	32	20	34	38	43	42	139	57	34	59	86	48	40	31	87	47	28	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
21-40 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	305	6	243	12	357	13	276	9	264	9	373	16	360	8	320	9	258	14	245	24	187	21	294	18	257	10	342	10	301	3
	exposed wood core	55	10	39	19	52	26	50	12	46	15	33	18	53	13	58	13	54	30	102	36	47	41	39	35	46	17	60	19	51	5
	crack, woundwood rib	1	50	0	.	2	98	2	70	1	59	0	99	0	.	0	100	0	.	4	96	0	.	2	74	4	44	0	99	1	23
	stem breakage	8	23	9	36	1	98	0	99	6	33	17	54	6	31	5	41	4	58	0	.	0	.	9	69	4	39	6	47	6	13
	defoliation >50%	6	30	9	57	18	81	3	43	11	33	6	48	12	64	9	41	9	60	21	49	0	.	3	99	2	59	10	78	8	17
	canker	5	30	1	99	3	54	5	50	2	44	3	57	7	28	5	37	3	98	19	78	0	.	5	52	4	48	14	34	5	13
	bark necrosis	0	.	3	83	0	.	0	.	4	70	0	.	2	57	1	99	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	99	1	41
	resinosis	15	19	17	34	10	48	11	29	15	24	60	34	16	21	21	20	14	29	86	40	26	31	39	22	57	17	13	33	24	8
	inclusion	1	47	3	70	2	98	0	.	2	83	9	69	3	67	1	53	1	98	3	96	3	91	2	74	2	46	5	58	2	22
	stag-headedness	5	25	4	73	0	.	2	54	2	42	0	.	7	40	3	57	5	69	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	61	9	34	4	15
	other type of damage	4	26	5	41	13	48	1	62	7	25	5	57	7	38	7	34	6	55	11	69	3	93	6	47	6	36	8	37	6	11
	lying living trees	0	.	3	99	0	.	0	.	1	70	2	69	1	70	1	76	1	98	0	.	0	.	1	99	2	57	5	55	1	26
	dead trees	40	14	35	27	38	27	29	23	28	21	72	24	61	21	51	27	37	26	36	37	35	45	62	32	52	20	46	25	45	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
41-60 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	270	8	362	14	293	21	293	18	225	18	294	17	295	9	270	11	268	11	393	21	202	20	329	8	281	7	339	10	295	3
	exposed wood core	60	11	52	25	70	28	46	34	61	21	53	19	47	17	53	15	67	18	33	28	76	23	55	15	49	12	90	11	60	5
	crack, woundwood rib	1	57	1	98	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	67	1	99	0	.	1	99	1	60	2	37	3	38	1	20
	stem breakage	6	32	13	38	8	94	0	.	17	32	2	61	6	39	8	45	6	47	4	95	6	54	7	33	4	36	10	27	7	12
	defoliation >50%	8	44	5	49	6	94	0	.	4	61	8	63	8	61	6	48	4	46	0	.	9	80	4	55	5	35	14	27	7	15
	canker	3	38	5	50	2	95	3	96	1	98	2	59	4	32	7	32	5	40	5	70	2	68	5	37	4	35	11	20	5	11
	bark necrosis	0	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	70	1	99	0	.	1	99	0	.	0	.	2	66	0	42
	resinosis	9	26	12	47	11	56	8	63	2	54	42	30	31	19	21	26	50	21	50	30	24	34	56	14	55	11	34	18	35	6
	inclusion	4	58	0	.	0	.	1	97	0	.	9	60	2	70	7	56	5	44	2	96	0	.	7	47	3	38	2	48	4	19
	stag-headedness	7	30	14	37	27	58	0	.	0	.	5	49	8	34	1	74	3	50	0	.	2	99	2	52	4	36	20	31	7	16
	other type of damage	7	28	4	59	8	68	3	69	4	76	7	50	4	54	5	38	9	29	17	53	9	52	5	27	5	27	17	20	8	10
	lying living trees	0	100	6	51	0	.	0	.	4	68	2	98	1	100	3	52	3	73	0	.	8	58	6	48	2	51	9	41	4	20
	dead trees	67	13	76	16	101	34	20	34	58	26	68	19	58	22	84	14	72	18	54	37	79	29	84	14	49	14	101	13	72	5
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
61-80 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	354	12	287	15	0	.	227	13	221	25	288	19	284	15	261	17	322	10	293	14	267	20	268	9	262	9	283	8	282	4
	exposed wood core	123	14	69	40	0	.	60	26	126	30	70	41	69	17	98	19	70	17	105	25	81	18	68	12	56	14	90	12	78	5
	crack, woundwood rib	1	69	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	86	0	.	0	100	2	97	0	.	4	74	1	98	3	39	1	70	5	35	2	22
	stem breakage	4	65	0	.	0	.	9	69	5	86	0	.	6	58	11	43	9	34	8	50	8	60	7	31	6	36	5	30	6	14
	defoliation >50%	2	47	0	.	0	.	7	93	0	.	7	61	1	61	7	48	4	53	4	73	5	47	7	64	3	43	16	34	6	22
	canker	2	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	86	10	54	10	48	3	60	7	46	13	45	2	74	4	34	5	32	14	23	7	14
	bark necrosis	2	99	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	99	0	.	0	.	2	74	0	.	0	.	1	100	1	52	1	41
	resinosis	25	41	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	51	47	36	36	23	16	30	47	16	38	25	32	37	44	14	85	13	21	20	42	7
	inclusion	1	99	0	.	0	.	6	94	0	.	34	51	3	41	10	69	4	53	2	55	5	88	4	37	2	38	3	37	4	19
	stag-headedness	8	45	0	.	0	.	20	67	0	.	5	68	6	42	7	55	4	42	4	70	2	74	9	32	2	54	13	32	7	16
	other type of damage	5	45	6	93	0	.	0	.	13	86	4	69	7	35	16	35	7	46	9	43	4	52	6	30	8	30	17	22	9	12
	lying living trees	1	98	3	93	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	49	0	.	1	99	19	65	13	54	6	41	7	50	6	38	6	20
	dead trees	92	16	87	44	0	.	63	49	56	38	106	30	91	16	119	32	100	14	59	26	91	28	77	13	89	14	82	11	87	5
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
81-100 %	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	267	28	152	46	0	.	0	.	120	0	275	43	226	17	238	18	269	18	332	23	170	29	225	13	232	15	273	12	249	6
	exposed wood core	298	32	321	17	0	.	0	.	20	0	136	44	246	24	108	20	107	25	78	34	177	19	76	14	96	20	120	11	121	7
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	17	82	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	98	2	98	0	.	1	97	1	99	2	77	1	63	1	34
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	65	21	59	7	66	3	97	4	96	4	50	5	58	4	36	5	22
	defoliation >50%	3	93	17	82	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	69	24	65	3	76	17	81	9	56	5	72	2	76	27	41	13	28
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	71	12	64	2	98	12	46	6	61	5	66	1	73	7	31	5	21
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100
	resinosis	6	60	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	101	33	37	38	44	31	52	39	87	35	39	36	60	34	64	22	30	26	48	12
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	92	6	73	6	68	1	98	0	.	6	57	3	47	2	76	4	48	3	25
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	95	5	72	8	54	10	40	5	76	0	.	1	99	3	60	18	32	8	23
	other type of damage	0	.	17	82	0	.	0	.	0	.	11	93	25	43	18	80	11	50	10	56	8	55	12	28	8	41	29	51	17	28
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	0	0	.	8	65	11	74	0	.	0	.	3	96	4	46	6	58	7	35	5	22
	dead trees	81	34	172	42	0	.	0	.	50	0	129	36	66	23	90	29	110	32	66	27	78	30	106	16	78	17	99	17	94	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
>100%	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	412	6	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	291	50	263	34	306	50	223	28	260	44	269	36	155	19	177	19	188	16	212	9
	exposed wood core	153	46	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	119	26	173	26	443	49	127	24	141	20	222	15	129	29	112	30	124	18	144	10
	crack, woundwood rib	17	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	96	4	61	2	47
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	51	6	66	21	41	2	72	7	29
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	95	0	.	0	.	10	90	0	.	4	97	4	96	8	45	5	34
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	92	6	86	20	78	0	.	15	62	3	66	0	.	3	71	5	37
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	21	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	99	1	76
	resinosis	110	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	60	73	40	33	86	50	48	16	59	44	36	38	34	73	41	6	59	35	18
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	16	84	10	80	3	93	0	.	9	93	13	47	7	66	8	60	8	30
	stag-headedness	38	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	95	41	80	0	.	10	90	26	70	12	75	0	.	19	55	13	34
	other type of damage	17	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	29	53	2	95	33	46	13	61	0	.	19	65	6	61	7	65	20	34	14	22
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	21	95	0	.	0	.	53	57	0	.	18	66	4	96	6	77	9	37
	dead trees	167	26	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	95	45	140	51	156	6	105	35	170	31	133	24	105	28	62	32	59	24	93	12
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	301	4	273	7	295	8	309	6	253	4	329	9	322	5	283	6	284	6	308	9	220	12	284	5	267	4	296	5	288	2
	exposed wood core	63	6	52	12	43	12	43	9	42	8	56	13	67	9	67	10	74	10	87	16	102	11	63	8	59	7	94	6	65	2
	crack, woundwood rib	1	29	1	61	2	62	1	52	1	36	0	100	0	100	1	44	1	60	2	61	1	60	2	29	2	23	3	23	1	11
	stem breakage	5	17	8	24	2	43	2	30	6	17	6	45	7	20	8	24	6	24	4	41	7	33	7	19	5	18	6	17	6	6
	defoliation >50%	6	20	7	30	14	29	3	26	6	22	6	34	8	37	9	25	5	27	13	35	6	42	5	37	3	23	16	19	7	8
	canker	3	20	2	37	3	36	3	27	3	27	4	32	7	20	6	21	6	26	12	31	3	36	5	21	4	20	11	13	5	6
	bark necrosis	1	46	1	73	0	.	0	.	1	60	0	.	1	53	1	54	0	100	1	76	1	78	0	.	0	79	1	39	1	21
	resinosis	14	12	12	23	14	27	17	20	18	14	49	16	29	11	22	13	43	12	55	17	30	18	48	9	64	7	23	11	31	3
	inclusion	2	32	1	63	2	46	0	55	1	71	11	34	3	31	5	36	3	31	2	38	4	47	5	26	2	21	3	23	3	10
	stag-headedness	5	17	6	30	4	46	2	36	2	29	3	35	7	19	5	35	4	24	6	54	3	55	5	25	3	25	15	16	5	8
	other type of damage	5	14	5	25	7	25	2	26	5	17	8	26	7	19	7	22	8	20	10	26	7	29	7	15	7	15	18	17	8	7
	lying living trees	0	52	3	41	0	.	0	.	1	33	1	58	3	36	2	37	2	49	11	51	7	39	6	26	4	30	7	21	3	11
	dead trees	49	7	47	14	41	15	23	13	25	12	79	12	66	10	72	11	81	10	67	15	83	15	83	8	63	8	84	7	62	3
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1375633. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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