Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI3
total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
altitude (in 200 m classes) · type of damage to trees (13 classes)
regional demarcation: canton
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2004/06
		canton
		AG		AI		AR		BE		BL/BS		FR		GE		GL		GR		JU		LU		NE		NW		OW		SG		SH		SO		SZ		TG		TI		UR		VD		VS		ZG		ZH		Switzerland
altitude (in 200 m classes)	type of damage to trees (13 classes)	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
>1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	690	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	11153	13	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	852	37	0	.	0	.	5980	16	0	.	0	.	18675	9
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	82	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1373	16	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	111	56	0	.	0	.	1036	22	0	.	0	.	2601	12
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	29	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	110	44	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	32	70	0	.	0	.	35	100	0	.	0	.	206	34
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	35	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	306	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	72	79	0	.	0	.	222	32	0	.	0	.	635	18
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	26	74	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	76	0	.	0	.	58	48
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	145	45	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	159	41
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	139	52	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	697	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	93	86	0	.	0	.	474	27	0	.	0	.	1403	16
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	51	63	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	100	0	.	0	.	13	71	0	.	0	.	127	43
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	26	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	108	43	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	118	43	0	.	0	.	252	28
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	34	62	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	207	30	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	36	70	0	.	0	.	89	43	0	.	0	.	366	22
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	243	60	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	32	100	0	.	0	.	88	72	0	.	0	.	364	45
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	336	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1559	19	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	137	51	0	.	0	.	1212	23	0	.	0	.	3244	15
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1601-1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	2584	25	0	.	340	100	0	.	225	88	7158	15	0	.	66	100	0	.	778	87	1075	55	767	59	0	.	0	.	88	100	0	.	3263	22	330	61	325	61	6661	21	0	.	0	.	23660	9
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	406	35	0	.	92	100	0	.	42	100	1042	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	298	67	17	100	0	.	0	.	26	100	0	.	393	29	74	74	49	51	573	26	0	.	0	.	3010	13
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	52	53	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	29	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	106	57	0	.	0	.	209	33
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	141	42	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	160	51	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	53	75	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	0	.	32	64	0	.	0	.	136	50	0	.	0	.	541	24
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	87	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	52	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	89	100	22	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	284	39
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	24	79	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	67	61	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	307	47	0	.	0	.	26	77	0	.	0	.	423	36
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	430	29	0	.	18	100	0	.	59	72	957	20	0	.	22	100	0	.	22	100	79	65	35	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	464	27	75	62	26	100	811	22	0	.	0	.	2999	11
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	26	100	0	.	0	.	41	70
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	42	61	0	.	55	100	0	.	0	.	86	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	52	0	.	0	.	115	68	0	.	0	.	367	30
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	43	0	.	0	.	0	.	44	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	117	37	33	81	25	77	115	36	0	.	0	.	383	22
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	72	100	22	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	35	100	0	.	0	.	147	58
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	1045	37	0	.	110	100	0	.	28	79	1206	22	0	.	0	.	0	.	44	100	339	75	211	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	346	33	66	90	37	65	1499	33	0	.	0	.	4932	15
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1401-1600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	3492	19	0	.	468	55	0	.	440	62	10523	13	0	.	912	43	0	.	82	100	1397	32	712	40	0	.	0	.	1098	41	0	.	4598	23	962	49	2882	25	5414	18	0	.	0	.	32979	7
	exposed wood core	0	.	0	.	0	.	1185	24	0	.	203	42	0	.	50	63	1804	21	0	.	97	80	0	.	15	100	246	58	65	54	0	.	0	.	41	60	0	.	403	31	214	47	167	42	920	22	0	.	0	.	5411	10
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	99	45	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	112	47	0	.	38	84	0	.	0	.	13	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	62	66	0	.	39	61	194	59	0	.	0	.	564	26
	stem breakage	0	.	0	.	0	.	239	33	0	.	22	75	0	.	0	.	226	29	0	.	91	71	0	.	0	.	37	72	15	100	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	143	52	55	100	41	60	73	50	0	.	0	.	958	17
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	63	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	43	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	39	56	0	.	0	.	154	38
	canker	0	.	0	.	0	.	45	55	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	170	44	0	.	35	72	0	.	0	.	57	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	71	37	100	101	45	25	76	0	.	0	.	506	22
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	53	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	21	74	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	74	75
	resinosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	866	24	0	.	143	69	0	.	66	90	1743	20	0	.	152	54	0	.	21	100	166	47	42	61	0	.	0	.	15	71	0	.	241	37	121	48	329	35	756	25	0	.	0	.	4662	11
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	88	58	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	62	60	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	35	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	178	90	44	85	0	.	0	.	449	40
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	56	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	81	56	0	.	23	79	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	34	71	0	.	7	100	36	71	0	.	0	.	281	28
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	46	58	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	117	38	0	.	249	80	0	.	6	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	87	52	0	.	51	48	25	76	0	.	0	.	618	35
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	189	78	0	.	0	.	250	60
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	1560	28	0	.	660	54	0	.	101	93	1542	20	0	.	228	57	0	.	24	100	161	47	269	55	0	.	0	.	480	86	0	.	281	36	123	63	427	35	1206	27	26	100	0	.	7087	12
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1201-1400 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	329	56	149	84	4336	19	0	.	2902	28	0	.	1132	49	4950	18	0	.	1279	37	984	41	197	78	1314	38	2111	27	0	.	223	71	1937	27	0	.	3539	23	1037	45	4946	17	5393	20	0	.	0	.	36757	7
	exposed wood core	0	.	12	100	40	73	1174	20	0	.	570	34	0	.	344	46	1416	21	0	.	258	42	101	59	33	100	93	53	414	35	0	.	106	71	298	35	0	.	1051	28	201	59	808	23	775	30	0	.	0	.	7696	9
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	55	100	79	51	0	.	25	77	0	.	24	100	6	100	48	73	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	50	58	0	.	110	44	18	100	0	.	0	.	434	24
	stem breakage	0	.	6	100	33	71	46	62	0	.	70	65	0	.	45	72	236	30	0	.	125	58	0	.	0	.	15	100	39	100	0	.	17	100	79	63	0	.	25	77	18	100	192	35	74	60	0	.	0	.	1021	16
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	103	44	0	.	15	100	0	.	18	100	46	54	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	45	71	0	.	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	282	26
	canker	0	.	29	100	0	.	155	41	0	.	14	71	0	.	19	73	135	40	0	.	80	64	8	100	0	.	55	59	56	62	0	.	17	100	55	59	0	.	127	39	40	73	241	36	100	53	0	.	0	.	1130	15
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	13	100	0	.	20	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	56	59
	resinosis	0	.	12	100	0	.	581	28	0	.	217	34	0	.	7	100	843	21	0	.	327	46	0	.	12	100	15	72	48	61	0	.	0	.	38	56	0	.	193	47	107	59	506	28	277	35	0	.	0	.	3183	11
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	18	100	35	61	0	.	147	86	0	.	0	.	114	49	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	18	100	48	78	0	.	0	.	103	84	0	.	57	52	0	.	12	100	7	100	0	.	0	.	568	30
	stag-headedness	0	.	18	100	0	.	103	41	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	48	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	22	76	0	.	0	.	17	100	31	100	0	.	107	46	36	71	41	61	43	71	0	.	0	.	465	20
	other type of damage	0	.	7	100	0	.	55	61	0	.	51	52	0	.	44	72	80	47	0	.	13	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	29	100	0	.	58	72	9	100	0	.	47	56	0	.	65	54	77	50	0	.	0	.	536	19
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	171	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	54	100	35	100	8	100	23	100	0	.	0	.	306	46
	dead trees	0	.	29	62	46	100	635	24	0	.	787	32	0	.	228	48	1405	24	0	.	657	60	36	71	45	100	255	57	655	33	0	.	31	100	365	38	0	.	263	34	207	49	765	28	684	25	0	.	0	.	7093	10
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1001-1200 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	547	51	735	46	7600	16	0	.	2620	28	0	.	1349	51	3127	23	997	44	2857	25	4201	19	458	60	1105	44	2668	31	0	.	1236	42	2284	29	0	.	4565	23	1509	38	5764	19	3570	22	451	61	469	69	48111	6
	exposed wood core	0	.	140	50	151	58	1638	21	0	.	355	41	0	.	415	36	1021	25	51	71	289	37	416	26	222	51	622	40	417	37	0	.	194	51	539	37	0	.	1481	22	607	41	1027	22	752	32	25	100	61	66	10423	8
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	18	100	0	.	253	33	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	100	25	79	24	77	35	70	87	43	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	25	76	24	77	0	.	74	56	0	.	157	39	36	71	18	100	0	.	816	16
	stem breakage	0	.	33	71	14	100	231	36	0	.	118	42	0	.	15	100	185	39	0	.	79	47	54	74	0	.	53	74	56	74	0	.	19	100	48	58	0	.	144	33	18	100	89	53	43	73	0	.	0	.	1200	14
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	176	37	0	.	27	75	0	.	0	.	26	100	0	.	0	.	58	74	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	70	0	.	58	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	365	28
	canker	0	.	70	59	14	100	164	33	0	.	13	71	0	.	59	88	141	50	17	100	169	42	34	64	0	.	67	61	0	.	0	.	0	.	58	54	0	.	193	38	18	100	69	60	64	59	0	.	20	74	1172	15
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	0	.	39	61	0	.	0	.	0	.	116	43
	resinosis	0	.	6	100	33	50	418	27	0	.	219	45	0	.	45	53	748	33	0	.	198	40	99	35	20	76	28	100	90	47	0	.	80	65	23	75	0	.	0	.	39	61	531	44	345	33	15	100	89	79	3026	14
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	48	62	67	48	0	.	18	100	0	.	46	100	54	69	8	100	40	84	64	52	35	71	0	.	23	59	0	.	0	.	92	100	0	.	112	58	31	100	19	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	655	23
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	24	77	0	.	0	.	37	71	0	.	0	.	31	71	0	.	0	.	15	100	0	.	144	66	18	100	93	45	37	71	0	.	17	100	431	27
	other type of damage	0	.	19	58	0	.	77	41	0	.	9	100	0	.	6	100	41	55	0	.	57	65	31	78	18	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	24	77	0	.	0	.	168	41	36	71	33	71	13	100	18	100	0	.	567	18
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	35	100	0	.	15	100	0	.	35	100	17	100	0	.	33	71	19	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	83	82	0	.	0	.	237	39
	dead trees	0	.	160	61	141	66	1012	23	0	.	469	33	0	.	154	71	843	34	110	64	404	29	119	59	123	53	90	50	215	40	0	.	131	48	289	44	0	.	736	26	139	46	633	37	589	27	0	.	52	100	6411	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
801-1000 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	1052	47	1780	38	11925	13	865	43	1802	31	0	.	640	48	3075	26	2511	27	3627	24	3047	22	254	55	995	46	4394	24	564	58	1155	34	1488	34	183	100	5639	20	1228	42	3175	25	3185	25	592	48	1011	50	54188	6
	exposed wood core	0	.	77	52	197	43	2430	20	142	57	687	33	0	.	613	42	470	32	502	37	448	37	826	32	215	65	363	61	1305	34	70	59	616	40	206	43	17	100	1578	21	204	50	446	33	389	40	0	.	257	58	12060	8
	crack, woundwood rib	0	.	0	.	0	.	125	43	17	100	19	100	0	.	0	.	18	100	0	.	7	100	62	52	25	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	15	71	29	79	0	.	18	100	0	.	103	40	17	100	0	.	7	100	469	20
	stem breakage	0	.	68	62	0	.	280	32	17	100	7	100	0	.	52	58	162	45	35	70	99	48	86	53	0	.	42	72	20	58	0	.	7	100	110	56	0	.	82	56	16	71	24	78	0	.	0	.	17	100	1125	15
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	72	70	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	36	71	34	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	21	100	0	.	75	60	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	257	32
	canker	0	.	15	71	0	.	237	31	0	.	33	71	0	.	74	59	61	55	107	59	185	35	37	71	0	.	14	100	33	71	0	.	59	67	0	.	34	100	81	73	0	.	52	64	27	100	7	100	7	100	1064	15
	bark necrosis	0	.	0	.	0	.	81	87	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	22	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	52	100	0	.	0	.	58	76	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	213	47
	resinosis	0	.	13	71	21	58	596	33	0	.	94	43	0	.	98	63	357	36	7	100	125	42	226	46	7	100	0	.	80	59	7	100	0	.	95	55	0	.	106	52	65	70	133	43	257	44	17	100	59	68	2363	13
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	394	71	0	.	15	100	0	.	12	100	12	100	21	74	152	92	0	.	0	.	0	.	103	76	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	56	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	44	100	809	41
	stag-headedness	0	.	0	.	18	100	130	49	52	74	36	100	0	.	15	100	92	61	59	72	66	60	35	71	0	.	67	82	15	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	453	43	44	72	52	58	54	75	7	100	0	.	1198	20
	other type of damage	0	.	0	.	15	100	84	47	7	100	19	100	0	.	0	.	32	65	58	89	58	66	44	62	0	.	0	.	40	61	17	100	50	74	21	100	0	.	149	78	8	100	22	58	18	100	0	.	0	.	643	24
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	73	62	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	58	0	.	28	79	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	63	77	0	.	0	.	16	100	17	100	0	.	291	29
	dead trees	0	.	15	100	163	52	1199	19	108	54	131	59	0	.	307	44	483	37	136	50	417	44	195	45	32	100	92	61	361	36	77	60	111	66	192	70	17	100	1059	22	313	56	213	36	517	38	77	63	109	47	6324	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
601-800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	2291	32	0	.	864	43	11143	12	917	37	2235	27	0	.	623	60	3023	22	3426	23	5195	19	1553	30	1069	58	47	100	4562	21	1866	38	3592	20	1038	46	4020	27	5229	19	255	60	6111	18	1000	43	242	77	5056	18	65357	5
	exposed wood core	277	41	0	.	151	47	1536	17	283	53	529	30	0	.	917	80	1143	33	723	24	769	31	82	47	239	78	0	.	856	29	163	49	1006	26	152	61	219	37	1595	23	100	79	686	23	425	46	15	71	545	24	12410	9
	crack, woundwood rib	62	48	0	.	16	71	107	37	17	100	13	71	0	.	0	.	50	55	17	100	54	58	7	100	59	76	0	.	39	55	0	.	441	33	0	.	8	100	48	60	0	.	72	41	0	.	0	.	40	61	1052	17
	stem breakage	40	61	0	.	29	100	204	35	69	79	27	78	0	.	17	100	186	37	125	51	85	58	36	71	36	71	0	.	78	51	0	.	82	61	0	.	88	58	94	52	0	.	41	61	35	100	21	100	183	44	1476	14
	defoliation >50%	0	.	0	.	0	.	24	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	200	42	0	.	18	100	70	61	0	.	14	71	344	29
	canker	14	71	0	.	25	100	163	36	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	41	61	31	81	80	66	0	.	32	100	0	.	39	61	0	.	138	44	0	.	24	77	34	62	0	.	52	48	23	75	0	.	13	71	715	17
	bark necrosis	24	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	26	79	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	51	75	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	167	73	15	100	52	48	0	.	0	.	17	100	359	38
	resinosis	27	79	0	.	7	100	398	35	14	100	168	46	0	.	0	.	128	52	113	64	126	38	7	100	0	.	0	.	46	49	83	51	141	41	7	100	202	59	0	.	15	100	144	51	17	100	0	.	180	35	1824	14
	inclusion	0	.	0	.	0	.	35	70	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	36	100	0	.	37	71	0	.	63	100	0	.	26	77	0	.	20	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	33	71	18	100	0	.	0	.	283	32
	stag-headedness	35	100	0	.	40	71	106	57	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	111	71	173	37	19	100	0	.	18	100	0	.	38	72	17	100	71	61	0	.	0	.	244	46	15	100	35	61	17	100	0	.	95	51	1053	18
	other type of damage	43	54	0	.	34	78	153	39	0	.	108	38	0	.	0	.	115	44	59	52	55	53	0	.	32	100	39	100	13	100	21	75	55	49	25	77	33	71	84	45	0	.	103	50	22	57	0	.	30	64	1024	14
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	36	100	0	.	0	.	25	76	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	54	74	0	.	23	77	151	40
	dead trees	225	32	0	.	176	55	571	22	108	51	223	51	0	.	149	66	477	28	426	37	551	36	17	100	18	100	0	.	541	33	94	77	416	37	89	53	205	69	1096	26	0	.	587	30	252	47	0	.	617	26	6839	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
=600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	9112	14	0	.	0	.	9996	14	2921	22	2132	26	908	46	0	.	997	62	3542	21	2572	27	31	76	0	.	500	74	2525	26	2818	28	2289	25	214	63	5714	17	7134	17	714	64	5333	22	1199	37	156	100	7576	14	68382	5
	exposed wood core	1444	18	0	.	0	.	925	18	914	34	343	36	17	100	0	.	132	66	442	39	407	29	48	80	0	.	17	100	817	54	369	36	232	30	80	60	666	35	1968	20	113	67	383	36	237	53	0	.	1116	16	10672	8
	crack, woundwood rib	41	47	0	.	0	.	87	54	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	38	55	73	47	0	.	0	.	24	100	37	71	7	100	132	56	18	100	98	43	51	74	0	.	33	71	11	100	7	100	65	54	721	18
	stem breakage	189	36	0	.	0	.	193	27	52	54	65	54	0	.	0	.	0	.	42	85	24	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	61	59	17	100	20	100	0	.	119	72	138	36	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	179	33	1116	14
	defoliation >50%	38	61	0	.	0	.	57	58	72	50	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	100	87	100	0	.	0	.	27	77	466	44	0	.	0	.	25	100	0	.	17	100	841	28
	canker	118	36	0	.	0	.	174	37	32	81	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	24	77	54	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	41	61	0	.	96	100	32	100	0	.	198	43	792	20
	bark necrosis	27	50	0	.	0	.	24	77	80	88	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	211	39
	resinosis	527	27	0	.	0	.	760	27	49	87	92	56	0	.	0	.	0	.	178	47	161	45	0	.	0	.	0	.	60	66	146	52	86	41	0	.	338	44	0	.	0	.	124	64	35	100	0	.	635	22	3190	11
	inclusion	17	100	0	.	0	.	35	100	55	100	17	100	8	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	102	50	0	.	121	75	8	100	0	.	24	77	417	31
	stag-headedness	222	38	0	.	0	.	17	100	36	71	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	57	78	52	58	35	70	0	.	57	56	648	26	0	.	78	51	0	.	0	.	74	46	1308	16
	other type of damage	31	64	0	.	0	.	92	49	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	38	55	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	60	53	31	81	7	100	0	.	42	71	184	34	0	.	51	53	0	.	0	.	159	31	719	16
	lying living trees	33	66	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	23	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	20	100	0	.	31	100	83	62	17	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	52	74	284	29
	dead trees	787	23	0	.	0	.	490	26	325	33	168	48	228	62	0	.	40	100	406	31	73	46	0	.	0	.	7	100	334	44	83	45	220	45	51	76	222	35	2050	21	37	100	525	34	184	47	0	.	318	30	6548	9
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	11403	13	1928	31	3528	24	51766	6	4703	17	12499	12	908	46	4409	24	44006	6	10475	12	16507	10	9815	12	2838	34	6433	18	17738	11	5248	21	8495	13	8147	14	9918	14	34818	6	6035	19	28537	8	32403	7	1441	32	14112	10	348109	2
	exposed wood core	1721	16	230	35	540	27	9377	8	1339	26	2779	14	17	100	2381	34	8399	9	1718	18	2268	16	1472	20	724	36	1639	25	3892	18	602	26	2156	18	1342	20	902	27	8581	8	1511	22	3566	11	5107	10	40	67	1979	13	64283	3
	crack, woundwood rib	103	34	18	100	16	71	762	17	35	71	33	66	0	.	96	65	422	22	80	41	232	28	156	32	109	52	43	61	146	35	7	100	613	27	79	45	105	40	342	25	0	.	522	19	417	33	24	78	112	38	4470	7
	stem breakage	228	32	107	45	76	52	1370	13	139	46	310	26	0	.	130	39	1461	13	202	38	504	25	177	37	36	71	200	35	269	30	17	100	146	42	270	32	207	48	730	18	108	58	404	23	583	21	21	100	379	26	8074	5
	defoliation >50%	38	61	0	.	0	.	609	21	72	50	59	51	0	.	25	79	184	29	0	.	44	61	92	60	0	.	148	64	49	71	104	85	0	.	21	100	27	77	824	27	0	.	77	80	183	33	0	.	31	63	2586	12
	canker	132	33	114	45	39	73	962	15	39	69	60	45	0	.	152	46	759	19	180	40	602	21	79	44	32	100	194	35	128	38	17	100	214	35	112	40	65	61	827	22	96	53	611	24	303	28	7	100	238	37	5962	7
	bark necrosis	51	54	0	.	0	.	195	50	80	88	26	79	0	.	15	100	21	74	7	100	38	71	8	100	22	100	0	.	51	75	0	.	52	100	13	100	7	100	302	45	15	100	91	38	0	.	0	.	34	71	1029	20
	resinosis	554	26	32	52	62	35	4187	11	62	71	951	20	0	.	276	36	5472	10	298	37	1110	19	332	33	83	45	288	34	401	23	236	37	307	28	177	34	540	35	1098	18	423	26	1793	18	2973	11	33	71	963	18	22650	4
	inclusion	17	100	0	.	66	52	676	43	55	100	215	61	8	100	58	82	329	28	36	52	235	63	72	47	98	69	52	74	225	41	0	.	20	100	212	60	0	.	332	29	87	74	370	50	118	44	0	.	68	70	3349	14
	stag-headedness	257	35	18	100	58	58	495	23	88	52	125	56	0	.	15	100	551	23	232	33	122	40	72	50	18	100	111	56	150	39	69	50	123	43	68	60	57	56	1691	17	114	42	308	24	420	27	7	100	186	33	5355	8
	other type of damage	74	41	26	50	49	62	540	19	7	100	216	26	0	.	50	64	643	16	155	41	440	47	75	48	99	58	57	76	151	35	70	49	194	33	72	48	75	51	870	19	77	49	350	23	358	21	18	100	189	28	4855	7
	lying living trees	33	66	0	.	0	.	139	43	0	.	74	58	0	.	223	57	382	41	0	.	60	53	19	100	0	.	88	84	38	71	17	100	20	100	16	71	31	100	233	41	51	75	25	76	487	38	17	100	75	57	2030	16
	dead trees	1012	19	204	49	527	31	6849	11	540	25	2549	19	228	62	968	25	7555	9	1078	21	2329	22	368	31	287	35	944	33	2585	16	254	36	909	23	1465	33	444	36	5968	10	884	27	3188	14	6144	12	103	53	1096	18	48478	4
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1426308. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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