Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
main tree species · development stage
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
main tree species	development stage	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	young growth/ thicket	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pole timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	young timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	medium timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	old timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	mixed	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
spruce	n/a	0	0	116	76	316	57	0	0	464	43	76	65	972	30
	young growth/ thicket	353	43	579	33	1501	21	78	59	1446	32	473	47	4430	15
	pole timber	745	25	4015	15	3860	16	461	35	1618	22	571	33	11270	9
	young timber	1898	26	4738	15	5312	16	1569	33	3059	22	555	34	17131	9
	medium timber	3933	16	5200	17	11610	13	2183	31	5859	17	1976	28	30760	7
	old timber	5808	14	10484	12	31621	7	4690	18	11120	13	5229	18	68953	5
	mixed	5703	12	2206	23	17593	9	4256	15	7724	13	4093	30	41575	6
	total	18439	6	27337	6	71814	4	13237	10	31290	7	12973	12	175091	2
fir	n/a	0	.	13	100	140	73	0	.	0	.	0	0	153	68
	young growth/ thicket	131	45	229	43	362	34	0	0	0	.	0	0	722	23
	pole timber	1005	31	1574	21	1284	27	73	71	47	81	128	56	4112	14
	young timber	853	27	1537	23	1150	28	8	100	187	60	210	68	3945	14
	medium timber	2857	20	2780	20	3276	16	81	67	98	89	286	53	9379	10
	old timber	7307	13	10283	11	12045	11	402	56	1001	33	1089	39	32128	6
	mixed	4649	14	2372	21	5951	14	516	46	442	34	355	40	14285	8
	total	16803	7	18788	8	24208	7	1081	31	1776	22	2068	24	64723	4
pine	n/a	55	77	33	71	0	.	8	100	40	80	0	.	135	43
	young growth/ thicket	20	100	80	62	26	75	0	.	76	73	4	100	206	39
	pole timber	76	63	155	48	114	65	190	44	361	30	0	.	896	20
	young timber	269	46	297	34	66	71	733	36	407	52	78	86	1850	21
	medium timber	623	39	849	25	58	86	327	43	897	36	31	100	2785	17
	old timber	290	38	1002	25	394	66	26	77	475	36	0	.	2187	19
	mixed	412	31	406	45	484	44	589	30	529	32	98	57	2518	16
	total	1745	18	2823	14	1142	31	1872	19	2784	17	211	44	10577	8
larch	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	100	51	71	87	63	161	43
	young growth/ thicket	23	96	22	100	127	78	63	67	172	53	169	63	575	31
	pole timber	0	.	351	34	130	46	699	30	415	38	681	29	2275	16
	young timber	26	71	146	48	52	100	1065	34	700	31	599	35	2589	19
	medium timber	8	100	151	43	0	0	774	37	950	28	1349	32	3233	18
	old timber	78	63	383	36	220	50	3470	21	3344	19	1968	23	9464	11
	mixed	50	100	93	69	77	60	3358	21	1840	18	2693	16	8112	11
	total	185	41	1148	19	606	29	9453	12	7472	11	7545	10	26409	6
Arolla pine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0
	young growth/ thicket	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	27	100	0	.	43	72
	pole timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	79	146	43	0	.	184	38
	young timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	131	76	287	47	8	100	426	39
	medium timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	19	100	222	48	0	.	240	45
	old timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	249	53	324	45	0	.	574	34
	mixed	0	.	0	.	12	100	628	26	702	28	65	99	1407	19
	total	0	.	0	.	12	100	1082	21	1708	18	73	89	2875	13
other conifers	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	young growth/ thicket	0	.	19	68	6	78	0	.	3	81	0	.	28	50
	pole timber	64	65	109	75	59	62	7	71	29	44	6	100	274	37
	young timber	37	82	289	38	36	80	1	100	2	76	0	.	365	32
	medium timber	17	84	292	57	2	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	310	54
	old timber	12	71	1068	48	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	1084	47
	mixed	62	46	9	81	-3	749	0	.	14	59	82	98	164	54
	total	192	32	1785	31	104	50	7	66	48	32	88	92	2224	25
beech	n/a	59	97	54	73	60	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	174	47
	young growth/ thicket	106	38	592	35	751	47	0	.	19	100	18	95	1486	28
	pole timber	860	23	1828	14	1052	27	10	65	23	89	979	25	4750	10
	young timber	2585	20	1718	19	1668	27	66	61	187	58	2065	24	8288	11
	medium timber	6573	12	4779	14	4203	16	151	87	199	63	972	34	16879	8
	old timber	6801	11	13115	9	8041	13	1	100	903	36	1078	33	29939	6
	mixed	3107	14	2626	18	4702	13	383	47	610	38	1675	22	13104	8
	total	20091	5	24711	6	20478	7	611	37	1941	22	6788	11	74620	3
maple	n/a	0	.	4	100	50	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	54	54
	young growth/ thicket	83	56	70	53	142	34	1	100	17	88	0	.	314	25
	pole timber	394	25	692	25	751	18	154	42	2	100	166	39	2159	12
	young timber	245	41	749	21	1177	22	0	.	157	48	144	52	2472	14
	medium timber	1022	18	652	21	914	19	5	100	18	72	22	58	2631	11
	old timber	931	17	882	25	1413	17	11	100	116	64	0	.	3354	11
	mixed	1044	20	507	25	1598	16	130	61	343	41	161	44	3783	10
	total	3719	9	3556	10	6044	8	301	34	652	27	494	25	14767	5
ash	n/a	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100
	young growth/ thicket	44	97	12	100	73	62	0	100	0	.	0	.	129	49
	pole timber	163	50	580	20	434	27	205	48	39	74	205	42	1627	14
	young timber	184	35	624	28	863	36	37	61	41	76	386	59	2135	20
	medium timber	737	29	1830	22	983	30	5	100	0	.	116	89	3671	15
	old timber	445	31	2882	18	932	26	6	100	45	95	0	.	4309	13
	mixed	564	32	904	34	815	31	120	71	196	53	205	33	2804	16
	total	2138	15	6842	11	4099	14	373	35	321	37	913	30	14686	7
oak	n/a	0	.	67	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	67	80
	young growth/ thicket	23	100	141	57	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	164	51
	pole timber	91	55	234	35	48	64	73	49	0	.	221	35	666	20
	young timber	132	62	617	35	23	61	29	60	0	.	399	38	1199	23
	medium timber	264	35	1184	27	60	66	26	59	0	.	149	54	1683	21
	old timber	267	42	2020	25	62	63	0	.	64	100	34	60	2448	22
	mixed	285	38	771	28	189	43	93	78	6	100	300	43	1644	18
	total	1062	19	5035	13	383	27	220	38	70	91	1103	20	7872	10
sweet chestnut	n/a	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	0	6	100
	young growth/ thicket	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	pole timber	0	.	0	.	26	100	0	.	0	.	953	28	979	28
	young timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	42	78	5	100	1088	26	1134	25
	medium timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	637	44	637	44
	old timber	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1404	33	1404	33
	mixed	0	.	0	.	68	100	29	100	0	.	1341	25	1438	24
	total	0	.	0	.	99	73	71	62	5	100	5430	12	5605	12
other broadleaves	n/a	0	.	34	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	34	100
	young growth/ thicket	10	56	139	56	92	44	15	50	65	66	60	85	380	29
	pole timber	81	28	806	27	650	21	577	31	533	31	1426	20	4072	11
	young timber	278	42	536	26	267	27	175	47	136	41	1578	22	2971	14
	medium timber	475	33	572	28	255	24	23	47	17	49	735	39	2079	18
	old timber	259	39	1071	25	799	39	26	47	126	73	205	41	2486	18
	mixed	303	27	984	24	863	22	287	29	163	35	1215	24	3815	12
	total	1406	16	4142	11	2926	13	1102	20	1040	20	5220	11	15836	6
indeterminable	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	young growth/ thicket	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0
	pole timber	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	young timber	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0
	medium timber	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	old timber	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0
	mixed	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
total	n/a	114	86	331	46	573	44	31	79	555	39	162	47	1766	22
	young growth/ thicket	792	27	1883	22	3081	18	173	38	1824	28	732	43	8485	11
	pole timber	3478	16	10344	9	8408	11	2485	18	3214	16	5336	11	33263	5
	young timber	6507	15	11251	11	10615	12	3855	20	5169	17	7111	12	44507	6
	medium timber	16508	9	18289	10	21361	10	3595	24	8258	14	6274	15	74285	5
	old timber	22200	9	43191	6	55530	6	8882	15	17518	11	11007	12	158328	3
	mixed	16180	9	10878	12	32349	7	10390	12	12569	10	12283	13	94649	4
	total	65779	3	96167	3	131916	3	29411	7	49106	5	42905	4	415285	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1231698. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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