Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
number of stems
tree age (in 40-year classes) · main tree species
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
tree age (in 40-year classes)	main tree species	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	fir	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	pine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	other conifers	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	beech	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	maple	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	ash	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	oak	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	other broadleaves	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
=40 years	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1896	26	825	47	1992	34	4956	18	3646	19	1346	43	2763	27	2519	30	1681	23	648	42	931	38	2542	20	5555	17	2002	25	33303	7
	fir	3242	19	254	57	390	40	2929	21	1264	26	460	31	3006	26	708	44	159	82	183	43	24	77	124	43	17	100	266	46	13027	10
	pine	73	71	37	100	46	86	173	70	98	100	0	.	139	79	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	127	50	368	72	64	100	1124	31
	larch	0	.	74	80	628	68	51	74	379	57	140	71	67	81	98	100	97	69	0	.	18	100	750	32	634	38	759	32	3695	18
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	77	57	345	56	0	.	423	47
	other conifers	0	.	31	71	20	100	133	43	206	42	0	.	18	100	21	100	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	36	100	0	.	483	25
	beech	3228	15	1971	22	1444	37	2423	19	3873	15	384	37	1712	19	963	35	503	35	83	52	696	53	71	61	265	37	877	25	18493	7
	maple	2311	23	966	28	779	46	934	25	2134	18	260	40	946	37	702	28	969	28	233	51	429	42	736	36	363	45	815	35	12578	8
	ash	692	32	558	31	362	34	467	33	1065	22	337	52	274	42	250	54	480	40	130	72	106	48	625	37	254	47	846	29	6445	10
	oak	17	100	20	100	166	53	162	48	147	51	21	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	53	58	0	.	222	41	808	21
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	38	100	18	100	1905	31	1960	30
	other broadleaves	1545	23	610	27	977	28	1486	27	2611	17	816	30	1538	23	599	36	1146	33	147	43	305	39	1929	20	3099	23	4925	16	21733	7
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	13004	10	5347	17	6804	18	13714	12	15423	9	3765	23	10462	13	5861	19	5052	17	1423	27	2509	25	7072	13	10954	12	12680	11	114070	3
41-80 years	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	6118	13	1116	32	688	30	3134	23	5006	17	4663	20	7735	13	4554	15	5066	15	2966	20	2078	24	8407	14	15225	10	5880	15	72635	4
	fir	6788	10	574	43	783	29	2460	19	1140	22	1605	31	4074	13	1641	22	714	27	908	26	293	34	667	32	203	39	779	33	22630	6
	pine	483	45	222	43	99	64	98	71	183	32	0	.	341	79	0	.	87	100	317	57	22	100	1805	35	1642	27	41	72	5341	16
	larch	7	100	38	55	8	100	28	61	157	46	0	.	0	.	0	.	288	61	0	.	39	71	3901	18	2320	20	4070	17	10856	10
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	644	29	1616	30	16	100	2276	23
	other conifers	258	38	238	48	28	100	150	39	377	61	0	.	50	58	149	39	201	64	127	71	67	60	173	56	380	45	44	70	2241	17
	beech	8302	10	2816	16	1356	22	2818	13	3731	12	905	34	4694	14	3329	16	1274	23	1062	27	1274	31	1813	30	742	31	9257	14	43372	5
	maple	2395	13	644	25	197	40	417	29	1287	18	684	27	1514	25	1421	23	1400	25	420	36	678	31	1066	36	338	33	875	35	13336	7
	ash	937	22	497	31	553	30	550	26	738	24	411	44	766	47	811	24	400	43	571	36	350	46	807	33	512	60	1524	29	9428	9
	oak	1339	44	364	39	534	39	125	36	281	29	59	75	97	61	16	71	142	68	18	100	35	100	784	39	45	75	1561	31	5400	16
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	150	73	15	100	7557	16	7729	15
	other broadleaves	1711	20	439	27	521	32	857	30	1224	19	674	44	534	24	974	28	1465	27	1068	43	725	42	3262	18	1736	35	11706	12	26894	7
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	28337	6	6950	13	4767	16	10636	11	14123	9	9000	15	19806	8	12893	10	11044	12	7458	16	5560	18	23478	9	24774	8	43310	6	222138	2
81-120 years	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	3529	12	331	33	766	31	775	23	1404	18	2102	17	4258	18	3168	15	2274	18	1058	24	1029	26	3827	16	6537	12	2511	17	33568	5
	fir	3301	13	136	48	313	40	946	21	589	20	605	28	1648	14	1023	17	369	33	618	34	150	31	411	35	124	49	232	35	10465	6
	pine	345	32	190	41	27	61	166	44	273	26	0	.	222	74	31	63	23	100	166	55	87	100	1600	36	1548	34	36	100	4713	17
	larch	7	100	7	100	36	53	7	100	90	35	0	.	0	.	29	61	30	80	0	.	65	63	1326	18	1211	25	2033	18	4841	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	392	34	817	28	0	.	1209	22
	other conifers	87	100	24	100	0	.	66	61	103	60	0	.	0	.	0	.	145	100	17	100	15	100	0	.	106	70	0	.	564	36
	beech	4154	11	1217	20	1166	22	1169	16	1449	13	810	28	1580	21	1694	18	1166	35	831	29	478	25	201	42	528	33	1700	18	18144	5
	maple	629	18	155	45	125	71	53	49	190	29	299	42	176	31	515	31	320	33	129	38	198	30	127	44	70	51	104	55	3088	10
	ash	202	27	91	46	365	44	137	39	511	22	84	83	89	56	340	30	91	41	103	61	119	43	68	84	6	100	64	53	2270	12
	oak	427	32	96	42	368	69	139	29	243	22	8	100	28	81	28	79	74	79	10	100	0	.	118	51	40	71	238	46	1817	18
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	70	12	100	639	34	679	32
	other broadleaves	156	41	64	45	41	74	66	55	138	47	0	.	13	71	230	82	122	47	54	52	38	52	63	53	15	70	335	36	1335	19
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	12838	7	2310	16	3206	17	3523	12	4989	9	3908	15	8013	11	7057	11	4616	15	2987	17	2181	17	8159	12	11014	10	7892	9	82693	3
121-160 years	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1364	14	83	47	121	57	130	29	221	32	1203	25	2424	16	1498	20	2113	22	885	34	671	29	2498	17	4332	15	1788	17	19331	6
	fir	1145	15	42	47	84	52	341	30	284	30	303	34	930	18	375	25	203	34	257	43	81	45	155	46	181	41	154	36	4535	8
	pine	225	49	35	53	89	69	60	49	100	38	0	.	91	69	6	100	42	85	54	75	38	83	422	37	731	38	72	91	1966	18
	larch	7	100	7	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	7	100	27	71	0	.	204	75	1497	19	722	18	1086	21	3564	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	323	30	460	31	16	100	809	21
	other conifers	56	76	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	106	53	0	.	169	42
	beech	1305	20	381	31	141	54	353	24	239	28	80	46	547	24	374	26	237	38	76	40	128	39	149	72	121	55	630	53	4763	11
	maple	131	40	7	100	0	.	0	.	43	59	25	58	53	45	63	44	67	55	6	100	23	74	45	100	7	100	24	100	495	19
	ash	29	50	7	100	20	100	0	.	34	52	0	.	0	.	29	61	7	100	0	.	6	100	7	100	0	.	0	.	139	27
	oak	132	42	64	62	73	58	75	57	114	33	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100	28	81	0	.	159	100	6	100	97	62	766	26
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	90	62	98	58
	other broadleaves	0	.	14	70	21	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	60	77	0	.	43	54	137	41
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	4394	10	640	24	549	27	960	19	1043	17	1612	21	4052	12	2351	16	2724	19	1307	27	1151	24	5323	13	6666	11	3999	13	36771	4
>160 years	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	701	19	28	79	176	61	52	50	0	.	1099	44	1644	20	962	26	1943	19	1043	28	716	33	2108	20	4535	14	1337	19	16345	7
	fir	473	26	14	70	36	71	57	58	0	.	114	44	389	25	129	29	387	31	139	52	120	52	176	48	109	41	205	30	2346	11
	pine	34	60	14	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	90	100	0	.	63	59	0	.	32	100	717	41	506	38	124	64	1581	24
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	82	60	0	.	0	.	2113	19	1517	15	822	16	4541	10
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	424	26	715	32	32	100	1172	22
	other conifers	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	69	100	0	.	87	82
	beech	462	52	42	62	7	100	96	55	14	71	0	.	297	42	29	61	83	48	81	45	32	81	78	76	12	70	548	38	1782	20
	maple	28	71	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	38	52	6	100	6	100	23	100	0	.	0	.	114	33
	ash	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	19	58
	oak	33	60	0	.	0	.	53	100	86	52	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	10	100	0	.	28	100	0	.	62	77	280	33
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	257	45	274	43
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	31	100	31	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1756	19	98	46	225	50	266	38	106	44	1213	40	2420	16	1127	23	2603	16	1280	24	905	31	5683	13	7470	11	3419	11	28572	5
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	13608	8	2384	23	3744	20	9047	13	10277	11	10413	14	18823	10	12700	10	13078	11	6600	16	5426	18	19382	9	36184	7	13518	12	175182	3
	fir	14949	8	1020	30	1605	22	6734	13	3277	14	3088	21	10047	11	3876	15	1833	21	2106	22	667	25	1532	24	634	26	1637	24	53003	4
	pine	1160	24	499	28	260	38	497	33	655	22	0	.	883	57	37	55	215	53	538	43	179	80	4670	21	4795	19	338	53	14724	10
	larch	21	58	127	51	671	64	92	48	632	36	140	71	67	81	135	74	524	38	0	.	326	59	9587	12	6404	12	8770	11	27496	6
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	1860	22	3954	20	65	79	5889	15
	other conifers	419	40	293	49	47	72	349	28	686	37	0	.	75	46	170	40	364	64	144	72	82	64	173	56	696	32	44	70	3543	14
	beech	17452	7	6427	12	4115	18	6860	10	9306	9	2180	24	8829	11	6388	13	3263	19	2133	23	2608	23	2313	27	1669	23	13012	12	86553	3
	maple	5494	12	1772	19	1108	34	1404	19	3661	13	1268	23	2689	20	2700	17	2794	18	794	26	1336	23	1997	24	778	29	1817	26	29611	5
	ash	1867	17	1153	22	1300	23	1154	20	2348	14	832	32	1129	34	1430	20	985	28	804	33	581	33	1508	27	778	43	2433	22	18301	6
	oak	1948	32	544	30	1141	31	555	23	870	17	88	56	125	51	52	50	234	55	67	68	35	100	1142	32	91	72	2180	24	9071	11
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	238	67	45	72	10448	13	10739	13
	other broadleaves	3412	15	1128	19	1560	22	2408	20	3972	14	1490	26	2085	18	1803	23	2734	22	1269	37	1068	31	5314	14	4849	21	17040	10	50132	5
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	60329	4	15346	10	15551	11	29098	7	35684	6	19498	11	44753	6	29290	8	26039	8	14455	13	12307	13	49715	6	60878	5	71300	4	484244	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1327271. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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