Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI3
growing stock (stemwood)
site quality · main tree species
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2004/06
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
site quality	main tree species	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
low	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1377	24	16	100	285	66	507	52	323	71	868	46	4068	19	1867	27	2352	25	1662	29	1740	34	1410	38	3879	18	444	49	20798	8
	fir	1546	22	21	85	0	.	191	42	211	97	122	97	108	47	90	71	576	45	124	72	87	85	48	91	0	.	0	.	3125	17
	pine	415	33	89	63	0	.	128	52	103	71	0	.	103	83	0	.	18	100	68	97	0	.	69	69	377	34	0	.	1369	18
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	1375	26	2537	20	258	36	4177	15
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	578	29	923	23	0	.	1501	18
	other conifers	18	58	13	100	0	.	12	100	3	100	0	.	3	100	0	.	6	100	5	100	2	100	0	.	19	53	0	.	82	30
	beech	3641	16	637	38	169	100	826	39	283	55	397	61	868	40	534	58	554	37	109	59	205	55	193	72	0	.	0	.	8416	11
	maple	264	28	49	58	3	100	44	75	32	59	85	49	129	68	20	57	168	33	29	65	38	56	50	60	0	.	0	.	911	16
	ash	153	42	-3	100	0	0	85	55	102	72	49	100	14	74	40	76	113	78	2	100	0	.	36	82	0	.	0	.	590	26
	oak	51	54	64	74	0	.	88	63	37	82	3	100	29	86	0	.	13	71	37	100	0	.	5	100	0	.	0	.	326	29
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	48	71	0	.	0	.	48	71
	other broadleaves	99	39	43	56	0	.	66	65	95	83	13	74	30	43	15	73	120	57	17	75	5	100	83	110	1	100	0	.	585	26
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	total	7563	14	929	34	457	58	1946	33	1189	42	1537	34	5351	18	2566	25	3926	20	2053	26	2077	32	3896	20	7737	13	702	35	41929	6
moderate	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	4867	15	0	.	422	58	8	100	23	100	5216	18	3012	22	3343	23	6653	17	1086	47	1232	40	11066	10	17058	9	7501	14	61486	4
	fir	2743	20	0	.	196	62	0	0	0	.	1313	30	808	29	882	30	1044	32	482	64	48	82	911	34	403	39	1379	28	10207	10
	pine	20	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	90	81	103	100	0	.	1841	19	2486	20	192	50	4740	13
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	174	55	0	.	82	100	6335	14	3078	16	3678	15	13347	9
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	229	45	379	39	4	100	623	29
	other conifers	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	67	13	68	0	.	44	42
	beech	1982	17	0	.	121	70	58	100	105	100	226	44	753	34	662	38	467	55	144	61	252	55	279	40	797	26	1825	22	7671	10
	maple	404	23	0	.	117	76	19	100	0	.	244	38	119	36	187	37	264	39	28	71	267	47	101	43	94	34	88	49	1931	13
	ash	86	57	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	83	54	68	51	63	88	74	70	83	100	145	58	169	49	136	49	39	68	947	20
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	155	47	50	100	143	54	353	33
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	100	0	.	645	38	654	38
	other broadleaves	70	34	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	71	39	58	48	21	69	102	36	21	62	91	48	682	20	441	26	814	28	2371	13
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	10177	12	0	.	856	41	85	100	128	100	7152	16	4824	19	5168	20	8881	15	1947	41	2116	30	21800	8	24934	8	16307	8	104374	3
good	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	7390	11	952	31	1959	34	1629	26	2730	21	2714	22	10760	12	10469	13	1692	27	2935	27	2707	32	425	62	4799	21	2078	29	53241	5
	fir	4946	15	209	44	826	42	2427	23	1835	22	1207	35	6695	13	3516	17	691	38	903	35	553	42	122	66	770	32	222	57	24920	6
	pine	748	33	454	36	171	85	127	65	587	33	0	.	468	63	78	62	0	.	83	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2716	18
	larch	20	71	44	66	71	71	48	96	288	53	0	.	15	100	0	.	78	99	22	100	98	61	0	.	66	59	685	40	1434	24
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	11	66	74	94	141	100	306	62	19	72	0	.	69	100	1	100	0	.	0	.	-16	100	0	.	0	.	42	100	648	40
	beech	4986	12	2591	22	885	30	2033	20	3878	16	665	34	4102	19	3429	19	1151	29	536	32	785	39	246	56	450	57	2947	17	28684	6
	maple	872	21	252	35	56	45	174	39	914	24	164	46	634	25	907	24	237	34	174	37	313	33	80	54	85	67	156	41	5017	9
	ash	715	37	192	47	429	52	888	57	939	25	179	59	600	46	1122	26	205	50	330	57	582	72	29	62	93	87	450	37	6753	14
	oak	546	35	513	66	348	41	273	41	543	28	38	71	52	100	37	87	12	100	57	66	0	.	3	100	56	100	665	25	3143	16
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	100	0	.	0	.	22	100	19	100	4155	14	4200	14
	other broadleaves	412	24	299	38	131	55	165	54	264	51	62	54	302	29	446	33	247	48	166	41	284	76	31	54	260	41	2671	13	5742	9
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	20646	8	5580	20	5017	21	8070	16	11997	12	5030	19	23696	9	20006	10	4319	20	5204	20	5307	26	956	40	6598	18	14071	8	136499	3
very good	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	3813	19	2274	23	2891	23	8790	13	11073	11	506	68	2003	29	1355	31	200	57	32	100	486	65	0	.	0	.	0	.	33423	6
	fir	4104	17	895	34	1003	38	5459	16	3083	17	123	64	2111	23	1186	32	11	100	0	.	269	68	0	.	0	.	0	.	18243	8
	pine	320	33	209	43	598	39	534	31	1530	22	0	.	23	100	36	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3250	14
	larch	61	75	49	64	89	46	124	55	446	36	0	.	8	100	183	49	147	63	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	1113	20
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	6	66	182	85	30	100	260	61	319	77	0	.	0	.	13	60	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	810	41
	beech	4366	15	3630	16	2538	23	4701	15	5727	12	108	79	1615	31	1826	31	291	59	209	85	742	39	50	100	0	.	137	74	25940	6
	maple	788	21	480	27	81	50	219	32	986	17	29	100	213	40	227	36	105	68	11	100	57	49	6	100	0	.	0	.	3202	10
	ash	778	27	676	31	1110	28	934	27	2685	16	162	88	128	35	614	34	64	71	0	.	62	60	5	100	0	.	9	100	7228	10
	oak	615	30	328	44	981	33	566	35	1241	27	10	100	0	.	46	80	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	45	84	3848	14
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	100	22	73
	other broadleaves	371	38	351	35	598	37	537	35	932	21	0	.	48	86	199	45	465	58	9	100	79	55	48	90	0	.	65	70	3703	13
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	15223	10	9074	13	9927	14	22122	9	28022	7	938	51	6149	18	5685	19	1283	38	261	75	1702	36	126	66	0	.	270	61	100782	4
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	17447	7	3242	18	5557	18	10934	11	14149	9	9304	13	19843	8	17034	10	10897	12	5715	18	6166	19	12900	10	25736	7	10022	11	168948	2
	fir	13339	8	1125	28	2024	26	8076	13	5129	13	2766	22	9721	10	5673	13	2322	21	1509	29	957	32	1080	30	1173	25	1601	25	56495	4
	pine	1502	20	752	25	769	36	789	25	2220	18	0	.	594	52	121	50	108	69	254	54	0	.	1911	18	2862	18	192	50	12074	8
	larch	82	59	93	46	160	40	171	48	734	30	0	.	23	74	183	49	407	38	22	100	186	55	7710	12	5680	12	4621	13	20071	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	807	24	1302	20	4	100	2124	15
	other conifers	39	36	269	63	171	84	578	43	342	72	0	.	72	96	18	48	6	100	5	100	-13	118	23	67	32	42	42	100	1584	27
	beech	14976	6	6858	12	3713	18	7618	11	9993	9	1396	25	7338	14	6451	14	2463	20	998	27	1983	22	769	30	1248	26	4909	13	70711	3
	maple	2327	11	782	20	257	39	457	23	1932	14	522	24	1094	18	1341	18	775	20	241	29	674	24	237	29	179	37	244	32	11061	5
	ash	1732	20	865	26	1540	25	1907	30	3727	13	473	40	810	35	1839	20	456	33	414	49	789	54	240	38	229	45	498	34	15518	7
	oak	1212	22	904	41	1329	27	927	25	1820	20	51	56	87	67	83	59	25	61	93	56	0	.	180	42	106	71	853	22	7670	10
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	100	0	.	0	.	78	52	19	100	4814	13	4925	13
	other broadleaves	953	18	694	24	729	32	767	28	1292	19	145	30	438	23	682	25	933	32	213	33	460	49	844	20	702	22	3550	11	12401	6
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	53609	4	15583	10	16257	11	32224	7	41337	5	14658	11	40020	6	33425	7	18409	10	9464	15	11201	15	26778	7	39268	6	31349	4	383583	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1195106. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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