Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
altitude (in 200 m classes) · cause of damage to trees (10 classes)
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
altitude (in 200 m classes)	cause of damage to trees (10 classes)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	various	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	weather	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
>1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1387	0	200	0	0	.	218	39	700	0	98	72	198	12	259	8	216	11	236	6
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	99	0	100
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	11	24	3	42	19	51	8	25
	various	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	0	0	.	9	54	0	.	39	72	8	35	14	23	12	22	12	15
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	42	0	190	0	0	.	96	30	150	0	84	72	72	14	103	10	81	13	90	7
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	52	0	76	0	.	1	45
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	0	0	.	3	95	0	.	0	.	10	45	2	53	3	67	5	32
	weather	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	72	14	24	6	25	34	36	14	19
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	55	10	38	5	47	7	28
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	640	0	0	.	67	43	50	0	0	.	62	18	67	14	48	25	63	10
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1601-1800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	242	42	432	27	620	0	219	14	104	29	252	44	277	13	274	9	240	12	269	6
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	65	22	49	0	.	13	52	0	.	0	.	7	34	10	33	10	51	10	19
	various	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	61	20	38	0	.	21	60	61	75	21	50	8	28	13	27	17	30	15	16
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	106	50	94	26	0	.	88	19	115	32	69	56	99	13	88	11	56	17	85	7
	wood harvest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	98	0	.	0	.	0	99	1	45	1	99	1	49
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	95	5	98	0	.	3	59	0	.	22	88	9	50	7	39	2	60	6	26
	weather	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	58	0	.	16	35	0	.	6	71	19	40	10	30	14	20	13	17
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	72	50	0	3	98	0	.	0	.	3	46	2	73	1	99	3	34
	dead trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	74	39	90	42	290	0	95	31	37	44	23	45	93	22	45	15	32	20	63	11
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1401-1600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	154	19	0	.	225	29	0	.	0	.	267	28	261	15	273	23	260	13	298	21	186	21	284	11	295	10	342	12	281	5
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	3	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	75	16	60	0	.	31	50	4	74	12	53	18	39	16	43	19	32	16	19
	various	31	38	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	52	2	74	25	71	10	33	8	49	14	64	11	29	6	41	23	20	12	13
	indeterminable	42	23	0	.	35	43	0	.	0	.	94	24	101	14	33	31	80	12	87	24	73	32	85	13	85	11	72	14	80	5
	wood harvest	2	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	69	3	99	1	97	3	53	6	97	0	.	2	55	4	41	1	99	2	25
	other human activity	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	61	8	60	3	98	5	51	11	97	0	.	32	74	6	36	2	70	10	39
	weather	6	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	44	10	39	2	98	10	36	21	59	5	72	16	27	9	28	19	22	11	12
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	69	0	.	0	.	1	99	9	97	21	66	9	58	3	52	5	51	4	28
	dead trees	12	46	0	.	78	72	0	.	0	.	103	26	72	26	102	49	82	19	48	32	72	42	73	16	73	21	68	16	74	8
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1201-1400 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	275	12	0	.	225	36	120	0	0	.	339	13	251	15	227	12	307	17	275	18	234	18	363	12	272	14	247	14	279	5
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	99	0	100
	rockfall	1	99	0	.	0	.	390	0	0	.	28	57	24	38	12	43	23	39	58	63	90	38	29	37	19	51	34	24	26	15
	various	15	27	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	38	11	60	24	34	12	38	18	57	33	37	47	44	8	44	21	26	20	15
	indeterminable	44	15	0	.	53	44	200	0	0	.	75	18	86	16	57	16	76	16	63	22	84	21	58	17	112	16	71	14	71	5
	wood harvest	5	42	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	58	3	61	5	82	7	72	0	.	20	49	0	.	8	43	3	49	5	21
	other human activity	4	39	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	48	1	99	10	47	2	74	1	98	0	.	1	99	11	46	1	75	5	23
	weather	12	43	0	.	6	85	0	.	0	.	13	39	8	34	3	81	9	53	18	68	18	41	6	48	13	44	16	25	11	14
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	69	0	99	0	.	22	78	15	55	5	44	0	.	6	37	4	31
	dead trees	40	23	0	.	13	43	90	0	0	.	93	21	87	26	67	17	60	23	65	37	150	31	83	17	87	18	54	21	72	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
1001-1200 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	309	6	0	.	411	27	293	23	139	35	340	16	324	10	246	12	291	16	333	17	266	28	304	11	236	18	289	12	296	4
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	99	3	90	0	84
	rockfall	9	38	0	.	33	88	0	.	0	.	9	77	33	35	6	70	48	47	76	45	40	40	25	49	36	41	38	25	25	14
	various	12	26	0	.	5	88	0	.	20	48	13	61	7	30	17	33	14	41	70	37	8	44	16	33	23	45	19	38	16	13
	indeterminable	42	10	0	.	54	77	10	69	7	82	77	26	49	17	66	15	56	16	74	20	82	24	67	20	103	23	74	15	62	6
	wood harvest	19	18	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	82	10	56	14	31	17	35	1	98	4	97	22	49	1	99	3	80	0	99	10	13
	other human activity	5	37	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	82	11	78	5	57	10	58	0	.	8	72	17	58	1	69	4	55	1	99	5	22
	weather	4	38	0	.	0	.	0	.	33	82	17	50	14	33	7	42	13	41	11	57	6	57	11	31	14	61	17	23	11	13
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1	99	2	99	4	75	2	98	11	97	0	.	10	64	1	99	7	59	3	31
	dead trees	37	17	0	.	42	55	51	69	0	.	67	23	60	17	76	27	63	31	86	28	64	36	83	21	56	22	54	22	58	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
801-1000 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	321	7	319	14	301	17	418	18	444	22	279	22	344	10	349	9	336	11	317	24	136	21	338	15	210	19	383	18	325	4
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	rockfall	29	34	8	96	0	.	0	.	14	95	0	.	11	67	0	99	21	53	109	50	122	25	41	61	9	57	34	26	24	16
	various	9	29	0	.	6	60	14	40	17	56	17	50	18	19	19	25	15	80	16	54	11	33	10	50	12	40	29	37	15	12
	indeterminable	60	13	44	30	45	31	51	20	80	20	55	25	41	18	58	17	69	26	70	29	52	26	96	19	86	21	112	19	65	6
	wood harvest	17	28	15	51	16	73	29	28	8	76	6	49	19	31	19	32	0	.	5	97	10	52	4	98	9	45	0	.	13	14
	other human activity	7	37	4	96	0	.	1	97	22	77	6	78	9	52	9	38	4	73	4	95	3	98	1	98	5	72	5	41	6	19
	weather	9	29	11	57	4	74	0	.	10	54	0	.	8	40	9	31	15	58	6	73	13	45	5	68	23	41	32	53	11	19
	lying living trees	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	54	0	.	1	97	4	95	3	74	2	98	2	98	12	57	2	35
	dead trees	47	14	50	45	19	35	36	35	17	54	42	32	58	20	60	22	90	23	100	29	87	20	87	23	46	21	113	19	62	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
601-800 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	326	8	236	13	324	15	324	9	258	8	409	20	326	9	300	15	289	14	316	40	245	34	242	37	263	15	285	14	298	4
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	68	2	69
	rockfall	10	39	36	56	0	.	1	77	0	.	26	90	19	69	4	69	41	47	78	54	42	69	30	57	18	68	25	26	12	18
	various	9	30	5	50	30	33	5	38	14	28	30	92	34	45	35	31	19	49	11	88	0	.	16	76	21	23	78	38	22	15
	indeterminable	49	14	42	24	33	29	45	19	39	16	54	44	57	16	80	17	63	21	100	56	39	52	61	38	70	24	129	15	56	6
	wood harvest	15	22	14	42	17	36	24	20	18	22	0	.	22	29	6	48	6	98	4	91	5	68	0	.	4	98	6	99	15	10
	other human activity	3	49	3	98	8	58	6	57	3	41	0	.	4	48	2	73	3	98	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	68	2	75	4	22
	weather	7	25	7	56	3	40	3	53	10	28	0	.	5	51	6	54	9	52	11	88	4	96	9	55	5	81	49	40	9	20
	lying living trees	0	.	4	98	0	.	0	.	2	57	0	.	2	69	5	54	0	.	0	.	4	96	7	65	0	.	6	42	2	24
	dead trees	66	14	47	30	33	22	27	21	28	21	68	66	46	25	69	22	68	25	0	.	83	30	97	26	51	29	146	17	55	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
=600 m	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	237	10	278	9	267	12	281	7	242	5	0	.	383	34	215	26	463	36	427	27	188	16	256	25	100	0	303	14	265	3
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	99	1	100
	rockfall	9	99	4	87	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	81	77	5	85	10	93	19	84	10	68	0	.	22	32	6	32
	various	15	39	12	28	20	28	5	29	10	21	0	.	0	.	17	96	53	53	21	48	0	.	22	53	0	.	38	32	14	13
	indeterminable	46	15	47	12	38	19	24	14	42	9	0	.	43	57	74	34	109	66	49	36	35	48	40	39	0	.	140	14	50	6
	wood harvest	13	26	12	30	8	36	24	19	16	17	0	.	29	91	11	59	13	85	4	91	0	.	4	97	0	.	0	.	14	10
	other human activity	4	51	5	36	6	47	5	37	3	64	0	.	0	.	8	60	0	.	8	91	0	.	15	96	0	.	9	39	5	20
	weather	9	33	8	28	10	46	2	38	6	22	0	.	0	.	15	62	32	50	9	91	0	.	7	66	0	.	20	26	8	12
	lying living trees	3	51	3	43	0	.	0	.	1	41	0	.	0	.	5	69	11	90	0	.	0	.	4	97	0	.	15	39	3	24
	dead trees	58	21	47	16	56	23	18	18	25	14	0	.	35	28	64	31	105	24	61	36	70	59	86	33	0	.	154	13	48	7
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	no visible damage	296	4	273	7	296	8	307	5	253	4	320	9	320	5	283	6	277	6	301	9	211	12	275	5	266	4	288	5	284	2
	fire	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	100	4	50	1	49
	rockfall	12	23	11	46	1	100	2	85	0	100	14	38	20	21	10	45	26	22	49	28	56	19	18	17	13	19	25	11	16	6
	various	12	13	9	26	20	23	6	20	11	16	15	24	15	20	23	16	15	21	29	26	15	22	15	20	13	13	28	14	16	5
	indeterminable	48	6	45	10	38	14	34	11	42	7	77	11	64	7	62	8	76	7	78	11	67	13	77	6	94	5	90	6	67	2
	wood harvest	15	11	13	22	12	27	24	13	16	13	4	34	13	17	12	21	4	38	3	51	10	29	1	33	3	21	1	50	9	5
	other human activity	5	19	4	32	5	39	5	32	4	41	13	32	6	27	8	25	3	30	5	51	6	50	11	41	5	19	3	22	6	10
	weather	8	15	8	23	6	33	2	33	7	17	8	30	9	18	7	21	11	18	13	33	10	23	13	15	10	15	24	14	11	6
	lying living trees	0	52	3	41	0	.	0	.	1	33	1	58	3	34	2	37	1	49	10	51	7	39	6	25	4	29	7	20	3	10
	dead trees	48	7	47	14	41	15	23	13	25	12	77	12	66	10	71	11	77	10	64	15	81	15	79	8	62	8	82	7	60	3
	total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1345773. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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